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《C++設計新思維》
雖然可能實際中可能用不著，但是可以作為理解模版的特化哦！
 //C++模版：編譯期檢測可轉換和可繼承
//一般我們使用dynamic_cast<>在運行期進行轉化，但是對于模版編程，我們可以實現編譯時類型檢測。利用了模版技術，sizeof的編譯期就可以得到結果和函數的重載技術。
//比如我們檢測T是否可以轉化為U，我們實現一個函數Test和他的一個重載，函數的參數分別是U和。。。
//參數U和。。。分別對應可以轉化為U和不可以轉化的情況，然后我們通過對2個重載函數給于不同的返回值，在編譯時用sizeof取得不同返回值的大小來判斷是否可以轉化。
//Determine whether the two types are the same type
template<class T, class U>
struct IsSameType
   {
  enum { value = false };
 };
template<class T>
struct IsSameType<T, T>
{
enum { value = true };
};
//Helper that help to determine whether type T can convert to type U
template <class T, class U>
struct ConversionHelper
{
 typedef char Small;
struct Big { char dummy[2]; };
static Big Test();
static Small Test(U);
static T MakeT();
};
//我們都知道在C++中，子類的指針可以轉化為基類的指針
//判斷T是否能夠轉化為U類型 ：T和U是否是同一類型或U是否是T的基類
template<class T, class U>
struct Conversion
{
typedef ConversionHelper<T, U> H;
enum { exists = sizeof(typename H::Small) == sizeof((H::Test(H::MakeT()))) };
enum { exists2Way = exists && Conversion<U, T>::exists };
enum { sameType = false };
};
template <class T>
struct Conversion<T, T>
{
enum { exists = 1, exists2Way = 1, sameType = 1 };
};
template <class T>
struct Conversion<void, T>
{
enum { exists = 0, exists2Way = 0, sameType = 0 };
};
template <class T>
struct Conversion<T, void>
{
enum { exists = 0, exists2Way = 0, sameType = 0 };
};
template <>
struct Conversion<void, void>
{
public:
enum { exists = 1, exists2Way = 1, sameType = 1 };
};
//上面BigType和SmallType表示返回結果，他們的sizeof必須不同。
//MakeT()確保不管T的構造函數的私有或共有都有一個零時的T供sizeof使用。
//T是U的基類或T和U是同一類的2個別名。
//注意SuperSubClass傳入的模版參數與內部調用Conersion函數的參數傳入順序,在參數前面加了const volatile限定了不能使用重載的類型轉化函數。
template <class T, class U>
struct SuperSubclass
{
enum { value = (Conversion<const volatile U*, const volatile T*>::exists &&
 !Conversion<const volatile T*, const volatile void*>::sameType) };
// Dummy enum to make sure that both classes are fully defined.
enum{ dontUseWithIncompleteTypes = ( sizeof (T) == sizeof (U) ) };
};
template <>
struct SuperSubclass<void, void>
{
enum { value = false };
};
template <class U>
struct SuperSubclass<void, U>
{
enum { value = (Conversion<const volatile U*, const volatile void*>::exists &&
!Conversion<const volatile void*, const volatile void*>::sameType) };
// Dummy enum to make sure that both classes are fully defined.
enum{ dontUseWithIncompleteTypes = ( 0 == sizeof (U) ) };
};
template <class T>
struct SuperSubclass<T, void>
{
enum { value = (Conversion<const volatile void*, const volatile T*>::exists &&
!Conversion<const volatile T*, const volatile void*>::sameType) };
// Dummy enum to make sure that both classes are fully defined.
enum{ dontUseWithIncompleteTypes = ( sizeof (T) == 0 ) };
};
//T是U的基類
template<class T,class U>
struct SuperSubclassStrict
{
enum { value = (Conversion<const volatile U*, const volatile T*>::exists &&
!Conversion<const volatile T*, const volatile void*>::sameType &&
!Conversion<const volatile T*, const volatile U*>::sameType) };
// Dummy enum to make sure that both classes are fully defined.
enum{ dontUseWithIncompleteTypes = ( sizeof (T) == sizeof (U) ) };
};
template<>
struct SuperSubclassStrict<void, void>
{
enum { value = false };
};
template<class U>
struct SuperSubclassStrict<void, U>
{
enum { value = (Conversion<const volatile U*, const volatile void*>::exists &&
!Conversion<const volatile void*, const volatile void*>::sameType &&
!Conversion<const volatile void*, const volatile U*>::sameType) };
// Dummy enum to make sure that both classes are fully defined.
enum{ dontUseWithIncompleteTypes = ( 0 == sizeof (U) ) };
};
template<class T>
struct SuperSubclassStrict<T, void>
{
enum { value = (Conversion<const volatile void*, const volatile T*>::exists &&
!Conversion<const volatile T*, const volatile void*>::sameType &&
!Conversion<const volatile T*, const volatile void*>::sameType) };
// Dummy enum to make sure that both classes are fully defined.
enum{ dontUseWithIncompleteTypes = ( sizeof (T) == 0 ) };
};
//test classes
class CBase
{public:
int m;
};
class CDerived : public CBase
{
public:
int n;
};
class COther
{
public:
int o;
};
class CConvertToBase
{
public:
int p;
public:
operator CBase()
{
CBase obj;
return obj;
}
};
void main()
{
using namespace std;
cout<< Conversion<double, int>::exists << ' '
<< Conversion<int, double>::exists2Way<<" "
<< Conversion<int, double>::sameType<<endl;
cout<< Conversion<char, char*>::exists << ' '
<< Conversion<size_t, vector<int> >::exists <<endl;
cout<< "Conversion from CDerived to CBase : "<<Conversion<CDerived,CBase>::exists<<endl;
cout<< "Conversion from CBase to CDerived : "<<Conversion<CBase,CDerived>::exists2Way<<endl;
cout<<"is CBase and CDerived the same type: "<<Conversion<CBase,CDerived>::sameType<<endl;
cout<< "conversion from CConvertToBase to CBase : "<<Conversion<CConvertToBase,CBase>::exists<<endl;
cout<< "Conversion from CConvertToBase to CDerived : "<<Conversion<CConvertToBase,CDerived>::exists<<endl<<endl;
//Is T derived from U
std::cout<< "CDerived is the super class or the same class of CBase: "<<SuperSubclass<CDerived, CBase>::value<<std::endl;
std::cout << "CBase is the super class or the same class of CDerived: " << SuperSubclass<CBase, CDerived>::value << std::endl;
std::cout << "COther is the super class or the same class of CBase:" << SuperSubclass<COther, CBase>::value << std::endl;
std::cout << "CBase is the super class or the same class of COther: " << SuperSubclass<CBase, COther>::value << std::endl;
std::cout << "CConvertToBase is the super class or the same class of CBase: " << SuperSubclass<CConvertToBase, CBase>::value << std::endl;
std::cout << "CBase is the super class or the same class of CConvertToBase: " << SuperSubclass<CBase, CConvertToBase>::value << std::endl;
std::cout << "void is the super class or the same class of CBase: " << SuperSubclass<void, CBase>::value << std::endl;
std::cout << "COther is the super class or the same class of void: " << SuperSubclass<COther, void>::value << std::endl;
std::cout << "void is the super class or the same class of void: " << SuperSubclass<void, void>::value << std::endl;
std::cout << "CBase is the super class or the same class of CBase: " << SuperSubclass<CBase, CBase>::value << std::endl;
std::cout << std::endl;
//Is T derived from U, use strict version which exclude the same type
std::cout << "CDerived is the super class of CBase : " << SuperSubclassStrict<CDerived, CBase>::value << std::endl;
std::cout << "CBase is the super class of CDerived : : " << SuperSubclassStrict<CBase, CDerived>::value << std::endl;
std::cout << "COther is the super class of CBase : : " << SuperSubclassStrict<COther, CBase>::value << std::endl;
std::cout << "CBase is the super class of COther : : " << SuperSubclassStrict<CBase, COther>::value << std::endl;
std::cout << "CConvertToBase is the super class of CBase : : " << SuperSubclassStrict<CConvertToBase, CBase>::value << std::endl;
std::cout << "CBase is the super class of CConvertToBase : : " << SuperSubclassStrict<CBase, CConvertToBase>::value << std::endl;
std::cout << "void is the super class of CBase : : " << SuperSubclassStrict<void, CBase>::value << std::endl;
std::cout << "COther is the super class of void : : " << SuperSubclassStrict<COther, void>::value << std::endl;
std::cout << "void is the super class of void : : " << SuperSubclassStrict<void, void>::value << std::endl;
std::cout << "CBase is the super class of CBase : : " << SuperSubclassStrict<CBase, CBase>::value << std::endl;
} 張張見識哦！~~~
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