Massive Model Rendering Techniques
Andreas Dietrich Enrico Gobbetti Sung-Eui Yoon
Abstract
We present an overview of current real-time massive model visualization technology, with the goal of providing readers with a high level understanding of the domain, as well as with pointers to the literature.
本文展示了當(dāng)前大規(guī)模模型實(shí)時(shí)可視化技術(shù)的概況，目的是為了給讀者們對(duì)這個(gè)領(lǐng)域一個(gè)比較深入的認(rèn)識(shí)，并指出學(xué)術(shù)界的一些研究的文獻(xiàn)。
I. INTRODUCTION
Interactive visualization and exploration of massive 3D models is a crucial component of many scientific and engineering disciplines and is becoming increasingly important for simulations, education, and entertainment applications such as movies and games. In all those fields, we are observing data explosion, i.e., information quantity is exponentially increasing. Typical sources of rapidly increasing massive data include the following:
交互可視化以及對(duì)大規(guī)模3D模型的瀏覽，對(duì)于很多的科學(xué)與工程的學(xué)科來(lái)說(shuō)是十分關(guān)鍵的部分。特別是對(duì)于仿真、教育以及娛樂(lè)應(yīng)用如電影與游戲幾個(gè)方面變得越來(lái)越重要。在這些所有的領(lǐng)域中，我們注意到了所采用的數(shù)據(jù)的爆炸性增加情況，如，表現(xiàn)在信息數(shù)量的指數(shù)級(jí)增長(zhǎng)。這些增長(zhǎng)快速的領(lǐng)域包括：
• Large-scale engineering projects. Today, complete aircrafts, ships, cars, etc. are designed purely digital. Usually, many geographically dispersed teams are involved in such a complex process, creating thousands of different parts that are modeled at the highest possibly accuracy. For example, the Boeing 777 airplane seen in Figure 1a consists of more than 13,000 individual parts.
大規(guī)模的工程項(xiàng)目。目前，整個(gè)飛機(jī)、船、汽車等設(shè)計(jì)全是由數(shù)字化方式進(jìn)行的。通常情況下，一些地理上位置分散的小組共同參與到這個(gè)復(fù)雜的進(jìn)程中，創(chuàng)建數(shù)以萬(wàn)計(jì)的高精度的模型。
• Scientific simulations. Numerical simulations of natural real world effects can produce vast amounts of data that need to visualize to be scientifically interpreted. Examples include nuclear reactions, jet engine combustion, and fluid-dynamics to mention a few. Increased numerical accuracy as well as faster computation can lead to datasets of gigabyte or even terabyte size (Figure 1b).
科學(xué)仿真。對(duì)于真實(shí)世界效果的數(shù)值模擬可能產(chǎn)生巨大數(shù)量的數(shù)據(jù)，而它們需要用可視化來(lái)進(jìn)行科學(xué)解釋。
• Acquisition and measuring of real-world objects. Apart from modeling and computing geometry, scanning of real-world objects is a common way of acquiring model data. Improvements in measuring equipment allow scanning in sub-mm accuracy range, which can result in millions to billions of samples per object (Figure 1c).
對(duì)真實(shí)世界對(duì)象的獲取與量測(cè)。
• Modeling natural environments. Natural landscapes contain an incredible amount of visual detail. Even for a limited field of view, hundreds of thousands of individual plants might be visible. Moreover, plants are made of highly complex structures themselves, e.g., countless leaves, complicated branchings, wrinkled bark, etc. Even modeling only some of these effects can produce excessive quantities of data. For example, the landscape model depicted in Figure 1d measures “only” a square area of 82 km × 82 km.
對(duì)自然環(huán)境的建模。自然景觀包括了眾多難以置信的細(xì)節(jié)。即使在有限的視場(chǎng)角下，也將有數(shù)以萬(wàn)計(jì)的植被等可見(jiàn)。此外，對(duì)象本身也十分的復(fù)雜。
Handling such massive models presents important challenges to developers. This is particularly true for highly interactive 3D programs, such as visual simulations and virtual environments, with their inherent focus on interactive, low latency, and real-time processing.
操作這些大規(guī)模的模型給開(kāi)發(fā)者們帶來(lái)了一些重要的挑戰(zhàn)。尤其是對(duì)于高度交互的3D程序，如視覺(jué)仿真或虛擬環(huán)境，這些應(yīng)用的固有的特點(diǎn)是進(jìn)行交互、低延遲和實(shí)時(shí)的處理。
In the last decade, the graphics community has witnessed tremendous improvements in the performance and capabilities of computing and graphics hardware. It therefore naturally arises the question if such a performance boost does not transform rendering performance problems into memories of the past. A single standard dual-core 3 GHz Opteron processor has roughly 20 GFlops, a Play station 3’s CELL processor has 180 GFlops, and recent GPUs, now fully programmable, provide around 340 GFlops. With the increased application of hardware parallelism, e.g., in the form of multi-core CPUs or multi-pipe GPUs, the performance improvements, which tend to follow, and even outpace, Gordon Moore’s exponential growth prediction, seem to be continuing for a near future to come. For instance, Intel has already announced an 80 core processor capable of TeraFlop performance. Despite such an observed and continuing increase in computing and graphics processing power, it is however clear to the graphics community that one cannot just rely on hardware developments to cope with any data size within the foreseeable future. This is not only because the increased computing power also allows users to produce more and more complex datasets, but also because memory bandwidth grows at a significantly slower rate than processing power and becomes the major bottleneck when dealing with massive datasets.
過(guò)去的十年中，圖形領(lǐng)域目睹了圖形硬件的計(jì)算能力與處理性能的極大的提升。自然而然，將提出這樣一個(gè)問(wèn)題：是否這種性能的推進(jìn)不能使渲染性能的問(wèn)題成為歷史呢？一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的雙核3GHz的處理器可以處理20GFlops的浮點(diǎn)運(yùn)行。一個(gè)PS3有180GFlops而一個(gè)GPU支持可編程能力能提供達(dá)到340GFlops的浮點(diǎn)運(yùn)算。隨著硬件并行應(yīng)用的增加，性能的提升要超過(guò)摩爾指數(shù)增長(zhǎng)的預(yù)測(cè)。盡管取得了這樣的計(jì)算與圖形處理器能力的提升，而對(duì)于圖形應(yīng)用來(lái)說(shuō)，在可預(yù)見(jiàn)的將來(lái)中，還是并不能完全的依賴于硬件的發(fā)展來(lái)處理數(shù)據(jù)集的大小。這不僅是因?yàn)橛?jì)算能力的增長(zhǎng)允許用戶來(lái)創(chuàng)建更為復(fù)雜的數(shù)據(jù)集，也是因?yàn)閮?nèi)存帶寬的發(fā)展速度明顯的低于處理器增長(zhǎng)的速度，而這成為處理大規(guī)模數(shù)據(jù)集的主要瓶頸。
As a result, massive datasets cannot be interactively rendered by brute force methods. To overcome this limitation, researchers have proposed a wide variety of output-sensitive rendering algorithms, i.e., rendering techniques whose runtime and memory footprint is proportional to the number of image pixels, not to the total model complexity. In addition to requiring out-of-core data management, for handling datasets larger than main memory or for providing applications the ability to explore data stored on remote servers, these methods require the integration of techniques for filtering out as efficiently as possible the data that is not contributing to a particular image.
因而，大 規(guī)模數(shù)據(jù)集的交互渲染不能通過(guò)強(qiáng)力模型進(jìn)行。要克服這個(gè)限制，研究者們提出了一系列的輸出敏感型的渲染算法。如，渲染技術(shù)的運(yùn)行時(shí)間和內(nèi)存的要求與象素成 比例而不是與全部的模型復(fù)雜度成比例。此外在要求外核的數(shù)據(jù)管理技術(shù)時(shí)，要處理大于內(nèi)存的數(shù)據(jù)集或提供應(yīng)用程序能力來(lái)探測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)在遠(yuǎn)端服務(wù)器上，這些方 法需要集成高效的過(guò)慮對(duì)最終生成的圖像不起作用的數(shù)據(jù)。
This article provides an overview of current massive model rendering technology, with the goal of providing readers with a high level understanding of the domain, as well as with pointers to the literature. The main focus will be on rendering of large static polygonal models, which are by far the current main test case for massive model visualization. We will first discuss the two main rendering techniques (Section II) employed in rendering massive models: rasterization and ray tracing. We will then illustrate how rendering complexity can be reduced by employing appropriate data structures and algorithms for visibility or detail culling, as well as by choosing alternate graphics primitive representations (Section III). We will further focus on data management (Section IV) and parallel processing issues (Section V), which are increasingly important on current architectures. The article concludes with an overview of how the various techniques are integrated into representative state-of-the-art systems, and a discussion of the benefits and limitations of the various approaches (Section VII).
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