3.1頂點(diǎn)/索引緩存
頂點(diǎn)和索引緩存有相似的接口并且共享相似的方法;因此我們把它們合在一起講解。一個(gè)頂點(diǎn)緩存是一塊連續(xù)的存儲(chǔ)了頂點(diǎn)數(shù)據(jù)的內(nèi)存。同樣的,一個(gè)索引緩存是一塊連續(xù)的存儲(chǔ)了索引數(shù)據(jù)的內(nèi)存。我們使用頂點(diǎn)和索引緩存保存我們的數(shù)據(jù)是因?yàn)樗鼈兡鼙环胖迷陲@存中。渲染顯存中的數(shù)據(jù)要比渲染系統(tǒng)內(nèi)存中的數(shù)據(jù)快的多。
在代碼中,一個(gè)頂點(diǎn)緩存是通過IDirect3DVertexBuffer9接口來定義的。類似的,一個(gè)索引緩存是通過IDirect3DIndexBuffer9接口來定義。
3.1.1創(chuàng)建一個(gè)頂點(diǎn)和索引緩存
我們能使用下面兩個(gè)方法創(chuàng)建一個(gè)頂點(diǎn)緩存和索引緩存:
HRESULT
IDirect3DDevice9::CreateVertexBuffer(
UINT Length,
DWORD Usage,
DWORD FVF,
D3DPOOL Pool
IDirect3DVertexBuffer9** ppVertexBuffer,
HANDLE*
pSharedHandle
);
HRESULT
IDirect3DDevice9::CreateIndexBuffer(
UINT Length,
DWORD Usage,
D3DFORMAT Format,
D3DPOOL Pool,
IDirect3DIndexBuffer9** ppIndexBuffer,
HANDLE*
pSharedHandle
);
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這兩個(gè)方法大部分參數(shù)是相同的,因此我們一起介紹它們。
Length ——
分配給緩存的字節(jié)大小。假如想得到一個(gè)能存儲(chǔ)8個(gè)頂點(diǎn)的頂點(diǎn)緩存,那么我們就要在頂點(diǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)中設(shè)置這個(gè)參數(shù)為
8 * sizeof ( Vertex ) 。
Usage
—— 指定關(guān)于怎樣使用緩存的額外信息。這個(gè)值可以是0,沒有標(biāo)記,或者是下面標(biāo)記的一個(gè)或多個(gè)的組合:
D3DUSAGE_DYNAMIC——設(shè)置這個(gè)參數(shù)可以使緩存是動(dòng)態(tài)的。
D3DUSAGE_POINTS——這個(gè)參數(shù)指定緩存存儲(chǔ)原始點(diǎn)。這個(gè)參數(shù)僅僅用在頂點(diǎn)緩沖中。
D3DUSAGE_SOFTWAREPROCESSING——使用軟件頂點(diǎn)處理
D3DUSAGE_WRITEONLY——指定應(yīng)用程序只能寫緩存。它允許驅(qū)動(dòng)程序分配最適合的內(nèi)存地址作為寫緩存。注意如果從創(chuàng)建好的這種緩存中讀數(shù)據(jù),將會(huì)返回錯(cuò)誤信息。
FVF ——
存儲(chǔ)在緩存中的頂點(diǎn)格式
Pool
—— 緩存放置在哪一個(gè)內(nèi)存池中
ppVertexBuffer
——返回創(chuàng)建好的頂點(diǎn)緩存的指針。
pSharedHandle
——沒有使用;設(shè)置為0。
Format
——指定索引的大小;使用D3DFMT_INDEX16設(shè)置16位索引,使用D3DFMT_INDEX32設(shè)置32位索引。注意并非所有設(shè)備都支持32位索引;請(qǐng)檢查設(shè)備能力。
ppIndexBuffer
——返回創(chuàng)建好的索引緩存的指針。
注意:不使用D3DUSAGE_DYNAMIC參數(shù)創(chuàng)建的緩存被叫做靜態(tài)緩存。靜態(tài)緩存通常被放置在顯存中,在其中的數(shù)據(jù)能被很有效的處理。然而,對(duì)于靜態(tài)緩存,從中讀取和寫入數(shù)據(jù)是很慢的,因?yàn)樵L問顯存是很慢的。因?yàn)檫@個(gè)原因我們用靜態(tài)緩存存儲(chǔ)靜態(tài)數(shù)據(jù)(不需要被經(jīng)常改變的數(shù)據(jù))。地形和建筑物是很好的候選例子,因?yàn)樵趹?yīng)用程序中他們通常不需要被改變。靜態(tài)緩存應(yīng)該在應(yīng)用程序初始化的時(shí)候就被填充好,而不是在運(yùn)行時(shí)才做。
注意:使用D3DUSAGE_DYNAMIC參數(shù)創(chuàng)建的緩存被叫做動(dòng)態(tài)緩存。動(dòng)態(tài)緩存通常被放在AGP內(nèi)存中,這種內(nèi)存中的數(shù)據(jù)能被很快的更新。處理動(dòng)態(tài)緩存中的數(shù)據(jù)不會(huì)比處理靜態(tài)緩存中的數(shù)據(jù)快,因?yàn)檫@些數(shù)據(jù)必須在渲染前被轉(zhuǎn)移到顯存中,動(dòng)態(tài)緩存的好處是它們能夠被稍微快點(diǎn)地被更新(比CPU寫快)。因此,假如你需要經(jīng)常更新緩存中的數(shù)據(jù),那么你就應(yīng)該使用動(dòng)態(tài)緩存。粒子系統(tǒng)是很好的一個(gè)應(yīng)用,因?yàn)樗鼈兪莿?dòng)態(tài)的,并且他們通常每一幀都會(huì)被更新。
注意:在程序中讀取顯存和AGP內(nèi)存都是非常慢的。因此,假如你在運(yùn)行時(shí)需要讀取你的幾何物體,最好的方案是指定一塊系統(tǒng)內(nèi)存,往其中拷貝并且讀取數(shù)據(jù)。
下邊是創(chuàng)建一個(gè)靜態(tài)頂點(diǎn)緩存的例子,該緩存能存儲(chǔ)8個(gè)頂點(diǎn)。
IDirect3DVertexBuffer9* vb;
device->CreateVertexBuffer(
8 * sizeof( Vertex ), 0,
D3DFVF_XYZ, D3DPOOL_MANAGED, &vb, 0);
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3.1.2
訪問緩沖內(nèi)存
為了訪問一個(gè)頂點(diǎn)/索引緩存,我們需要得到一個(gè)指針。我們通過一個(gè)指針獲得緩存數(shù)據(jù)必須使用Lock方法。當(dāng)我們?cè)L問完緩存后必須對(duì)它解鎖。一旦有一個(gè)指向內(nèi)存的指針,我們就能對(duì)它進(jìn)行讀寫。
HRESULT
IDirect3DVertexBuffer9::Lock(
UINT OffsetToLock,
UINT SizeToLock,
BYTE** ppbData,
DWORD Flags
);
HRESULT
IDirect3DIndexBuffer9::Lock(
UINT OffsetToLock,
UINT SizeToLock,
BYTE** ppbData,
DWORD Flags
);
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這兩個(gè)方法的參數(shù)都是完全相同的。
OffsetToLock
—— 偏移量,以字節(jié)為單位,從緩存開始位置到鎖定開始位置的距離。如圖3.1。

SizeToLock
——
鎖定的字節(jié)數(shù)。
ppbData
——
一個(gè)指向鎖定內(nèi)存開始位置的指針。
Flags
—— 標(biāo)記描述怎樣鎖定內(nèi)存。它可能是0或者是下面參數(shù)中的1個(gè)或多個(gè)的組合:
D3DLOCK_DISCARD——這個(gè)參數(shù)僅僅會(huì)在動(dòng)態(tài)緩存時(shí)被使用。它指示硬件丟棄緩存并返回一個(gè)指向新分配的緩存的指針。這是很有用,因?yàn)楫?dāng)我們存取一個(gè)新分配的緩存時(shí)它允許硬件繼續(xù)從丟棄的緩存渲染。這防止了硬件延遲。
D3DLOCK_NOOVERWRITE——這個(gè)參數(shù)僅僅會(huì)在動(dòng)態(tài)緩存時(shí)被使用。它聲明你將向緩存中添加數(shù)據(jù)。即你不能向已經(jīng)渲染的內(nèi)存中寫數(shù)據(jù)。這是有好處的因?yàn)樗试S你在添加新數(shù)據(jù)到緩存的同時(shí)讓硬件繼續(xù)渲染。
D3DLOCK_READONLY——這個(gè)參數(shù)聲明你鎖定的緩存只能從中讀取數(shù)據(jù)而不能寫數(shù)據(jù)。這允許一些內(nèi)在的優(yōu)化。
用參數(shù)D3DLOCK_DISCARD和D3DLOCK_NOOVERWRITE表明緩存的一部分被鎖定之后能繼續(xù)被使用。假如硬件配置允許這些標(biāo)記被使用,則在對(duì)緩存進(jìn)行鎖定時(shí),其他的顯示操作就不會(huì)中斷。
下邊的例子展示了通常怎樣使用Lock方法。注意當(dāng)我們使用完以后要調(diào)用Unlock方法。
Vertex* vertices;
_vb->Lock(0, 0, (void**)&vertices,
0); //
鎖定整個(gè)緩存
vertices[0] = Vertex(-1.0f,
0.0f, 2.0f); //
向緩存里寫頂點(diǎn)
vertices[1] = Vertex( 0.0f,
1.0f, 2.0f);
vertices[2] = Vertex( 1.0f,
0.0f, 2.0f);
_vb->Unlock();
//
當(dāng)你訪問完緩存時(shí),解鎖緩存
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3.1.3
找回頂點(diǎn)和索引緩存信息
有時(shí)我們需要得到頂點(diǎn)/索引緩存信息。下面的例子示范了用于獲得這些信息的方法:
D3DVERTEXBUFFER_DESC
vbDescription;
_vertexBuffer->GetDesc(&vbDescription);
//
取得頂點(diǎn)緩存信息
D3DINDEXBUFFER_DESC
ibDescription;
_indexBuffer->GetDesc(&ibDescription);
//取得索引緩存信息
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D3DVERTEXBUFFER_DESC和D3DINDEXBUFFER_DESC結(jié)構(gòu)的定義如下:
Describes a vertex buffer.
typedef struct D3DVERTEXBUFFER_DESC {
D3DFORMAT Format;
D3DRESOURCETYPE Type;
DWORD Usage;
D3DPOOL Pool;
UINT Size;
DWORD FVF;
} D3DVERTEXBUFFER_DESC, *LPD3DVERTEXBUFFER_DESC;
Members
- Format
- Member of the D3DFORMAT enumerated type,
describing the surface format of the vertex buffer data.
- Type
- Member of the D3DRESOURCETYPE enumerated type,
identifying this resource as a vertex buffer.
- Usage
- Combination of one or more D3DUSAGE flags.
- Pool
- Member of the D3DPOOL enumerated type, specifying
the class of memory allocated for this vertex buffer.
- Size
- Size of the vertex buffer, in bytes.
- FVF
- Combination of D3DFVF that describes the vertex
format of the vertices in this buffer.
Defines resource types.
typedef enum D3DRESOURCETYPE
{
D3DRTYPE_SURFACE = 1,
D3DRTYPE_VOLUME = 2,
D3DRTYPE_TEXTURE = 3,
D3DRTYPE_VOLUMETEXTURE = 4,
D3DRTYPE_CubeTexture = 5,
D3DRTYPE_VERTEXBUFFER = 6,
D3DRTYPE_INDEXBUFFER = 7,
D3DRTYPE_FORCE_DWORD = 0x7fffffff,
} D3DRESOURCETYPE, *LPD3DRESOURCETYPE;
Constants
- D3DRTYPE_SURFACE
- Surface resource.
- D3DRTYPE_VOLUME
- Volume resource.
- D3DRTYPE_TEXTURE
- Texture resource.
- D3DRTYPE_VOLUMETEXTURE
- Volume texture resource.
- D3DRTYPE_CubeTexture
- Cube texture resource.
- D3DRTYPE_VERTEXBUFFER
- Vertex buffer resource.
- D3DRTYPE_INDEXBUFFER
- Index buffer resource.
- D3DRTYPE_FORCE_DWORD
- Forces this enumeration to compile to 32 bits in
size. Without this value, some compilers would allow this enumeration to
compile to a size other than 32 bits. This value is not used.
Describes an index buffer.
typedef struct D3DINDEXBUFFER_DESC {
D3DFORMAT Format;
D3DRESOURCETYPE Type;
DWORD Usage;
D3DPOOL Pool;
UINT Size;
} D3DINDEXBUFFER_DESC, *LPD3DINDEXBUFFER_DESC;
Members
- Format
- Member of the D3DFORMAT enumerated type,
describing the surface format of the index buffer data.
- Type
- Member of the D3DRESOURCETYPE enumerated type,
identifying this resource as an index buffer.
- Usage
- Combination of one or more of the following flags,
specifying the usage for this resource.
- D3DUSAGE_DONOTCLIP
- Set to indicate that the index buffer content
will never require clipping.
- D3DUSAGE_DYNAMIC
- Set to indicate that the index buffer requires
dynamic memory use. This is useful for drivers because it enables them
to decide where to place the buffer. In general, static index buffers
are placed in video memory and dynamic index buffers are placed in AGP
memory. Note that there is no separate static usage; if you do not
specify D3DUSAGE_DYNAMIC the index buffer is made static.
D3DUSAGE_DYNAMIC is strictly enforced through the D3DLOCK_DISCARD and
D3DLOCK_NOOVERWRITE locking flags. As a result, D3DLOCK_DISCARD and
D3DLOCK_NOOVERWRITE are only valid on index buffers created with
D3DUSAGE_DYNAMIC; they are not valid flags on static vertex buffers.
For more information about using dynamic index
buffers, see Using Dynamic Vertex and Index Buffers.
Note that D3DUSAGE_DYNAMIC cannot be specified
on managed index buffers. For more information, see Managing Resources
(Direct3D 9).
- D3DUSAGE_RTPATCHES
- Set to indicate when the index buffer is to be
used for drawing high-order primitives.
- D3DUSAGE_NPATCHES
- Set to indicate when the index buffer is to be
used for drawing N patches.
- D3DUSAGE_POINTS
- Set to indicate when the index buffer is to be
used for drawing point sprites or indexed point lists.
- D3DUSAGE_SOFTWAREPROCESSING
- Set to indicate that the buffer is to be used
with software processing.
- D3DUSAGE_WRITEONLY
- Informs the system that the application writes
only to the index buffer. Using this flag enables the driver to choose
the best memory location for efficient write operations and rendering.
Attempts to read from an index buffer that is created with this
capability can result in degraded performance.
- Pool
- Member of the D3DPOOL enumerated type, specifying
the class of memory allocated for this index buffer.
- Size
- Size of the index buffer, in bytes.