The PIMPL idiom
In C++ when anything in a header file changes, all code that includes the header (either directly or indirectly) must be recompiled. To minimalize this we use PIMPL idiom:
// file x.h
class X
{
public:
// public members
protected:
// protected members
private:
// pointer to forward declared class
class XImpl *pimpl_; // opaque pointer
};
Questions: -- What should go into XImpl? Options are:
-
Put all private data but not functions into XImpl.: Not too bad, but there is better
-
Put all private members into XImpl.
-
Put all private and protected members into XImpl. Bad, protected members must be in X
-
Make XImpl entirely the class that X would have been, and write X as only the public interface made up entirely of simple forwarding functions (handle/body variant).
-- Does XImpl require a pointer back to the X object?
Caveats:
-
You can't hide virtual member functions in the Pimpl (here private inheritance differs from membership)
-
Functions in Pimpl may require a "back pointer" to the visible object (by convention that is called: self_.
-
Often the best compromise is to use Option 2, and in addition to put into XImpl only rhose non-private functions that need to be called by private ones.
-
4th is better over 2nd not needed "back pointer", but X is useless for inheritance.
PIPML has some drawbacks, like allocating/deallocating objects in the heap, which could be slow.
What about this "optimalization"?
// file: y.h
class Y
{
//...
static const size_t sizeofx = /* ... */;
char x_[sizeofx];
};
// file: y.cpp
#include "x.h"
Y::Y()
{
assert( sizeofx >= sizeof(X) );
new(&x_[0]) X;
}
Y::~Y()
{
(reinterpret_cast<X*>(&x_[0]))->~X();
}
Questions:
Space overhead:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
struct X {
char c;
struct XImpl *pimpl_;
};
struct XImpl { char c; };
int main()
{
cout << sizeof(XImpl) << '\t' << sizeof(X) << endl;
return 0;
}
// result: 1 8
Runtime overhead:
-
allocation/deallocation cost: relativelly expensive
-
indirect access of private members (+ back pointer)
-
alignment problems: new guaranties, that object will align properly, char[] buffers doesn't!
-
X must not use the default assignmentoperator=()
-
If sizeof(XImpl) grows greater then sizeofx, we need to update the source.
// file x.h
class X
{
//...
struct XImpl *pimpl_;
};
// file x.cpp
#include "x.h"
struct XImpl
{
// private stuff here ...
static void *operator new(size_t) { /*...*/ }
static void *operator delete(void*) { /*...*/ }
};
X::X() : pimpl_( new XImpl ) { }
X::~X() { delete pimpl_; pimpl_ = 0; }