基于<<算法導(dǎo)論>>中關(guān)于btree算法的描述,雖然書中沒有關(guān)于刪除結(jié)點(diǎn)算法的偽碼實(shí)現(xiàn),不過還是根據(jù)描述寫了出來,經(jīng)過測試,似乎是沒有問題,歡迎測試找bug.
不過,值得一提的是,btree算法大部分情況下是使用在操作存放在諸如磁盤等慢速且大容量介質(zhì)中的,但是這里給出的算法仍然是操作的內(nèi)存中的數(shù)據(jù).如何使用這個算法操作存放在磁盤的數(shù)據(jù),恐怕還要自定義文件的格式等,我對這方面還沒有涉及到,以后會抽空研究如tokyocabinet等數(shù)據(jù)庫的代碼,給出一個解決方案來,如果能做到這一點(diǎn),基本上就可以算是一個小型的數(shù)據(jù)庫的后端存儲系統(tǒng)了.
話說回來,這份代碼我編碼調(diào)試了很久,幾百行的代碼從國慶在家休息的時候開始,前后花費(fèi)了將近一周時間.我想,諸如紅黑樹/btree這樣的復(fù)雜數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)的算法之所以難以調(diào)試,很大的原因在于,即使在某一處你不小心犯了一個錯誤,程序運(yùn)行時也可能不是在這個地方core dump,因?yàn)槟闫茐牧诉@個結(jié)構(gòu)而只在后面才反映出來,于是,加大了調(diào)試的難度.所以,這就需要自己多閱讀資料,加深對算法的理解,盡可能的肉眼多審核幾次代碼.
我之前研究過紅黑樹,研究過memcached,自己也寫了一個commoncache,看來,我個人更感興趣的方向是這種大規(guī)模數(shù)據(jù)的處理上,很有挑戰(zhàn)的說.未來,將繼續(xù)在這方面發(fā)力,希望能有機(jī)會從事這方面的工作,如Linux文件系統(tǒng),分布式文件系統(tǒng),云計算等等方向.
頭文件:
/*
* implementation of btree algorithm, base on <<Introduction to algorithm>>
* author: lichuang
* blog: m.shnenglu.com/converse
*/
#ifndef __BTREE_H__
#define __BTREE_H__
#define M 4
#define KEY_NUM (2 * M - 1)
typedef int type_t;
typedef struct btree_t
{
int num; /* number of keys */
char leaf; /* if or not is a leaf */
type_t key[KEY_NUM];
struct btree_t* child[KEY_NUM + 1];
}btree_t, btnode_t;
btree_t* btree_create();
btree_t* btree_insert(btree_t *btree, type_t key);
btree_t* btree_delete(btree_t *btree, type_t key);
/*
* search the key in the btree, save the key index of the btree node in the index
*/
btree_t* btree_search(btree_t *btree, type_t key, int *index);
#endif /* __BTREE_H__ */
實(shí)現(xiàn)代碼以及測試文件:
/*
* implementation of btree algorithm, base on <<Introduction to algorithm>>
* author: lichuang
* blog: m.shnenglu.com/converse
*/
#include "btree.h"
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
static btree_t* btree_insert_nonfull(btree_t *btree, type_t key);
static btree_t* btree_split_child(btree_t *parent, int pos, btree_t *child);
static int btree_find_index(btree_t *btree, type_t key, int *ret);
btree_t* btree_create()
{
btree_t *btree;
if (!(btree = (btree_t*)malloc(sizeof(btree_t))))
{
printf("[%d]malloc error!\n", __LINE__);
return NULL;
}
btree->num = 0;
btree->leaf = 1;
return btree;
}
btree_t* btree_insert(btree_t *btree, type_t key)
{
if (btree->num == KEY_NUM)
{
/* if the btree is full */
btree_t *p;
if (!(p = (btree_t*)malloc(sizeof(btree_t))))
{
printf("[%d]malloc error!\n", __LINE__);
return NULL;
}
p->num = 0;
p->child[0] = btree;
p->leaf = 0;
btree = btree_split_child(p, 0, btree);
}
return btree_insert_nonfull(btree, key);
}
btree_t* btree_delete(btree_t *btree, type_t key)
{
int index, ret, i;
btree_t *preceding, *successor;
btree_t *child, *sibling;
type_t replace;
index = btree_find_index(btree, key, &ret);
if (btree->leaf && !ret)
{
/*
case 1:
if found the key and the node is a leaf then delete it directly
*/
memmove(&btree->key[index], &btree->key[index + 1], sizeof(type_t) * (btree->num - index - 1));
--btree->num;
return btree;
}
else if (btree->leaf && ret)
{
/* not found */
return btree;
}
if (!ret) /* btree includes key */
{
/*
case 2:
If the key k is in node x and x is an internal node, do the following:
*/
preceding = btree->child[index];
successor = btree->child[index + 1];
if (preceding->num >= M) /* case 2a */
{
/*
case 2a:
If the child y that precedes k in node x has at least t keys,
then find the predecessor k′ of k in the subtree rooted at y.
Recursively delete k′, and replace k by k′ in x.
(Finding k′ and deleting it can be performed in a single downward pass.)
*/
replace = preceding->key[preceding->num - 1];
btree->child[index] = btree_delete(preceding, replace);
btree->key[index] = replace;
return btree;
}
if (successor->num >= M) /* case 2b */
{
/*
case 2b:
Symmetrically, if the child z that follows k in node x
has at least t keys, then find the successor k′ of k
in the subtree rooted at z. Recursively delete k′, and
replace k by k′ in x. (Finding k′ and deleting it can
be performed in a single downward pass.)
*/
replace = successor->key[0];
btree->child[index + 1] = btree_delete(successor, replace);
btree->key[index] = replace;
return btree;
}
if ((preceding->num == M - 1) && (successor->num == M - 1)) /* case 2c */
{
/*
case 2c:
Otherwise, if both y and z have only t - 1 keys, merge k
and all of z into y, so that x loses both k and the pointer
to z, and y now contains 2t - 1 keys. Then, free z and
recursively delete k from y.
*/
/* merge key and successor into preceding */
preceding->key[preceding->num++] = key;
memmove(&preceding->key[preceding->num], &successor->key[0], sizeof(type_t) * (successor->num));
memmove(&preceding->child[preceding->num], &successor->child[0], sizeof(btree_t*) * (successor->num + 1));
preceding->num += successor->num;
/* delete key from btree */
if (btree->num - 1 > 0)
{
memmove(&btree->key[index], &btree->key[index + 1], sizeof(type_t) * (btree->num - index - 1));
memmove(&btree->child[index + 1], &btree->child[index + 2], sizeof(btree_t*) * (btree->num - index - 1));
--btree->num;
}
else
{
/* if the parent node contain no more child, free it */
free(btree);
btree = preceding;
}
/* free successor */
free(successor);
/* delete key from preceding */
btree_delete(preceding, key);
return btree;
}
}
/* btree not includes key */
if ((child = btree->child[index]) && child->num == M - 1)
{
/*
case 3:
If the key k is not present in internal node x, determine
the root ci[x] of the appropriate subtree that must contain k,
if k is in the tree at all. If ci[x] has only t - 1 keys,
execute step 3a or 3b as necessary to guarantee that we descend
to a node containing at least t keys. Then, finish by recursing
on the appropriate child of x.
*/
/*
case 3a:
If ci[x] has only t - 1 keys but has an immediate sibling
with at least t keys, give ci[x] an extra key by moving a
key from x down into ci[x], moving a key from ci[x]'s immediate
left or right sibling up into x, and moving the appropriate
child pointer from the sibling into ci[x].
*/
if ((index < btree->num) &&
(sibling = btree->child[index + 1]) &&
(sibling->num >= M))
{
/* the right sibling has at least M keys */
child->key[child->num++] = btree->key[index];
btree->key[index] = sibling->key[0];
child->child[child->num] = sibling->child[0];
sibling->num--;
memmove(&sibling->key[0], &sibling->key[1], sizeof(type_t*) * (sibling->num));
memmove(&sibling->child[0], &sibling->child[1], sizeof(btree_t*) * (sibling->num + 1));
}
else if ((index > 0) &&
(sibling = btree->child[index - 1]) &&
(sibling->num >= M))
{
/* the left sibling has at least M keys */
memmove(&child->key[1], &child->key[0], sizeof(type_t) * child->num);
memmove(&child->child[1], &child->child[0], sizeof(btree_t*) * (child->num + 1));
child->key[0] = btree->key[index - 1];
btree->key[index - 1] = sibling->key[sibling->num - 1];
child->child[0] = sibling->child[sibling->num];
child->num++;
sibling->num--;
}
/*
case 3b:
If ci[x] and both of ci[x]'s immediate siblings have t - 1 keys,
merge ci[x] with one sibling, which involves moving a key from x
down into the new merged node to become the median key for that node.
*/
else if ((index < btree->num) &&
(sibling = btree->child[index + 1]) &&
(sibling->num == M - 1))
{
/*
the child and its right sibling both have M - 1 keys,
so merge child with its right sibling
*/
child->key[child->num++] = btree->key[index];
memmove(&child->key[child->num], &sibling->key[0], sizeof(type_t) * sibling->num);
memmove(&child->child[child->num], &sibling->child[0], sizeof(btree_t*) * (sibling->num + 1));
child->num += sibling->num;
if (btree->num - 1 > 0)
{
memmove(&btree->key[index], &btree->key[index + 1], sizeof(type_t) * (btree->num - index - 1));
memmove(&btree->child[index + 1], &btree->child[index + 2], sizeof(btree_t*) * (btree->num - index - 1));
btree->num--;
}
else
{
free(btree);
btree = child;
}
free(sibling);
}
else if ((index > 0) &&
(sibling = btree->child[index - 1]) &&
(sibling->num == M - 1))
{
/*
the child and its left sibling both have M - 1 keys,
so merge child with its left sibling
*/
sibling->key[sibling->num++] = btree->key[index - 1];
memmove(&sibling->key[sibling->num], &child->key[0], sizeof(type_t) * child->num);
memmove(&sibling->child[sibling->num], &child->child[0], sizeof(btree_t*) * (child->num + 1));
sibling->num += child->num;
if (btree->num - 1 > 0)
{
memmove(&btree->key[index - 1], &btree->key[index], sizeof(type_t) * (btree->num - index));
memmove(&btree->child[index], &btree->child[index + 1], sizeof(btree_t*) * (btree->num - index));
btree->num--;
}
else
{
free(btree);
btree = sibling;
}
free(child);
child = sibling;
}
}
btree_delete(child, key);
return btree;
}
btree_t* btree_search(btree_t *btree, type_t key, int *index)
{
int i;
*index = -1;
for (i = 0; i < btree->num && key > btree->key[i]; ++i)
;
if (i < btree->num && key == btree->key[i])
{
*index = i;
return btree;
}
if (btree->leaf)
{
return NULL;
}
else
{
return btree_search(btree->child[i], key, index);
}
}
/*
* child is the posth child of parent
*/
btree_t* btree_split_child(btree_t *parent, int pos, btree_t *child)
{
btree_t *z;
int i;
if (!(z = (btree_t*)malloc(sizeof(btree_t))))
{
printf("[%d]malloc error!\n", __LINE__);
return NULL;
}
z->leaf = child->leaf;
z->num = M - 1;
/* copy the last M keys of child into z */
for (i = 0; i < M - 1; ++i)
{
z->key[i] = child->key[i + M];
}
if (!child->leaf)
{
/* copy the last M children of child into z */
for (i = 0; i < M; ++i)
{
z->child[i] = child->child[i + M];
}
}
child->num = M - 1;
for (i = parent->num; i > pos; --i)
{
parent->child[i + 1] = parent->child[i];
}
parent->child[pos + 1] = z;
for (i = parent->num - 1; i >= pos; --i)
{
parent->key[i + 1] = parent->key[i];
}
parent->key[pos] = child->key[M - 1];
parent->num++;
return parent;
}
int btree_find_index(btree_t *btree, type_t key, int *ret)
{
int i, num;
for (i = 0, num = btree->num; i < num && (*ret = btree->key[i] - key) < 0; ++i)
;
/*
* when out of the loop, three conditions may happens:
* ret == 0 means find the key,
* or ret > 0 && i < num means not find the key,
* or ret < 0 && i == num means not find the key and out of the key array range
*/
return i;
}
/*
* btree is not full
*/
btree_t* btree_insert_nonfull(btree_t *btree, type_t key)
{
int i;
i = btree->num - 1;
if (btree->leaf)
{
/* find the position to insert the key */
while (i >= 0 && key < btree->key[i])
{
btree->key[i + 1] = btree->key[i];
--i;
}
btree->key[i + 1] = key;
btree->num++;
}
else
{
/* find the child to insert the key */
while (i >= 0 && key < btree->key[i])
{
--i;
}
++i;
if (btree->child[i]->num == KEY_NUM)
{
/* if the child is full, then split it */
btree_split_child(btree, i, btree->child[i]);
if (key > btree->key[i])
{
++i;
}
}
btree_insert_nonfull(btree->child[i], key);
}
return btree;
}
#define NUM 20000
int main()
{
btree_t *btree;
btnode_t *node;
int index, i;
if (!(btree = btree_create()))
{
exit(-1);
}
for (i = 1; i < NUM; ++i)
{
btree = btree_insert(btree, i);
}
for (i = 1; i < NUM; ++i)
{
node = btree_search(btree, i, &index);
if (!node || index == -1)
{
printf("insert error!\n");
return -1;
}
}
for (i = 1; i < NUM; ++i)
{
btree = btree_delete(btree, i);
btree = btree_insert(btree, i);
}
return 0;
}