今天繼續dive into python.

12、列表與字符串
　　1)用一個字符串對象的join 方法將列表元素連接成單個字符串，此字符串充當分隔符。
　　2)join 只用用于字符串列表；它不進行任何的類型強制轉換。連接一個存在一個或多個非字符串元素的列表將引發一個異常。
　　3)用一個字符串對象的split 方法將列表元素連接成單個字符串，此字符串充當分隔符。
　　4)split 接受一個可選的第二個參數，它是要分割的次數。
　　5)split 無參數調用時，默認為以空白為分隔符(空格/換行/制表符),多個連續空白初見為一個。

13、導入模塊
　　1)Python用兩種方法導入模塊，一是import module,一種是from module import,
　　2)第一種方法導入整個模塊，對其屬性或方法的引用要加限制名，如：
>>> import types
>>> types.FunctionType
　　3)第二種方法將模塊的方法和屬性直接導入名字空間中，可以直接引用這些方法和屬性，如：
>>> from types import FunctionType
>>> FunctionType
　　4)兩種方法各有利弊，前者可明確指定要導入的方法和屬性，并直接引用，比較方便；對于屬性或方法重名的情況，則后者非常有用。

14、函數的參數
　　1)函數的參數可以擁有缺省值，某個參數有什么缺省值在定義函數時指明，
　　2)擁有缺省值的參數為可選參數，否則為必備參數，即調用函數時必須為必備參數提供參數，如果沒有對可選參數提供參數值，則其使用缺省值。
　　3)調用函數時，可以通過指定參數名而以任意次序來傳遞參數，稱為定名參數。如：
定義：
def help(object, spacing=10, collapse=1):
合法調用：
help(odbchelper)
help(odbchelper, 12)
help(odbchelper, collapse=0)
help(spacing=15, object=odbchelper)
　　4)參數是個“字典”，缺省可以不指定名字而用順序將參數名與值匹配起來。

15、內置函數
　　1)所有Python內置函數被組合進一個名叫 __builtins__ (前后有兩個下劃線)的特別模塊中。
　　2)內置函數dir 返回任意一個對象的屬性和方法的列表。
　　3)內置函數str 強制將任一種類型的數據轉化為字符串，對python的空值None，則str(None)返回字符串"None”.
　　4)內置函數type 返回任意對象的數據類型。
　　5)使用函數 getattr 得到對象的各種引用，這個過程中方法沒有被調用。
　　6)使用getattr得到引用后，其返回值為方法，可以調用相應的函數。如下：
>>>getattr(li, "append")("Moe")
　　
16、列表映射過濾語法
[mapping-expression for element in source-list if filter-expression]

17、and-or技巧,對bool and a or b來說，
　　1)邏輯運行采用了快捷方式，即如果or前值為真，是不再計算后面的值，并返回前面的結果
　　2)用 (bool and [a] or )[0]的方法，可以實現與c中bool?a:b的功能

18、lambda函數
　　1)可以使用lambda定義單行的最小函數，格式如下：
funcVar = lambda x : x...
　　沒有名字，返回是默認的。上式中可以沒有funcVar，有funcVar時可與正常函數一樣調用，沒有funcVar時可如下調用：
(lambda x:x...)(a)
　　2)lambda函數可以接受一到多個參數(包括可選參數),返回單個表達式的值，函數中不能包含命令，表達式不能超過一個。

19、一些小技巧
　　1)python幾乎總是在操作列表
　　2)字符串的ljust(spacing)可以在右邊加空格以達到spacing值所示的長度，當spacing的值小于字符串的長度時，不會截斷。

附:builtin的屬性表

屬性	說明
ArithmeticError	Base class for arithmetic errors.
AssertionError	Assertion failed.
AttributeError	Attribute not found.
DeprecationWarning	Base class for warnings about deprecated features.
EOFError	Read beyond end of file.
EnvironmentError	Base class for I/O related errors.
Exception	Common base class for all exceptions.
FloatingPointError	Floating point operation failed.
FutureWarning	Base class for warnings about constructs that will change semantically in the future.
IOError	I/O operation failed.
ImportError	Import can't find module, or can't find name in module.
IndentationError	Improper indentation.
IndexError	Sequence index out of range.
KeyError	Mapping key not found.
KeyboardInterrupt	Program interrupted by user.
LookupError	Base class for lookup errors.
MemoryError	Out of memory.
NameError	Name not found globally.
NotImplementedError	Method or function hasn't been implemented yet.
OSError	OS system call failed.
OverflowError	Result too large to be represented.
OverflowWarning	Base class for warnings about numeric overflow.
PendingDeprecationWarning	Base class for warnings about features which will be deprecated in the future.
ReferenceError	Weak ref proxy used after referent went away.
RuntimeError	Unspecified run-time error.
RuntimeWarning	Base class for warnings about dubious runtime behavior.
StandardError	Base class for all standard Python exceptions.
StopIteration	Signal the end from iterator.next().
SyntaxError	Invalid syntax.
SyntaxWarning	Base class for warnings about dubious syntax.
SystemError	Internal error in the Python interpreter. Please report this to the Python maintainer, along with the traceback, the Python version, and the hardware/OS platform and version.
SystemExit	Request to exit from the interpreter.
TabError	Improper mixture of spaces and tabs.
TypeError	Inappropriate argument type.
UnboundLocalError	Local name referenced but not bound to a value.
UnicodeDecodeError	Unicode decoding error.
UnicodeEncodeError	Unicode encoding error.
UnicodeError	Unicode related error.
UnicodeTranslateError	Unicode translation error.
UserWarning	Base class for warnings generated by user code.
ValueError	Inappropriate argument value (of correct type).
Warning	Base class for warning categories.
WindowsError	MS-Windows OS system call failed.
ZeroDivisionError	Second argument to a division or modulo operation was zero.

builtin方法(函數)表

方法	說明
__import__	__import__(name, globals, locals, fromlist) -> module Import a module. The globals are only used to determine the context; they are not modified. The locals are currently unused. The fromlist should be a list of names to emulate ``from name import ...'', or an empty list to emulate ``import name''. When importing a module from a package, note that __import__('A.B', ...) returns package A when fromlist is empty, but its submodule B when fromlist is not empty.
abs	abs(number) -> number Return the absolute value of the argument.
apply	apply(object[, args[, kwargs]]) -> value Call a callable object with positional arguments taken from the tuple args, and keyword arguments taken from the optional dictionary kwargs. Note that classes are callable, as are instances with a __call__() method. Deprecated since release 2.3. Instead, use the extended call syntax: function(*args, **keywords).
callable	callable(object) -> bool Return whether the object is callable (i.e., some kind of function). Note that classes are callable, as are instances with a __call__() method.
chr	chr(i) -> character Return a string of one character with ordinal i; 0 <= i < 256.
cmp	cmp(x, y) -> integer Return negative if x<y, zero if x==y, positive if x>y.
coerce	coerce(x, y) -> None or (x1, y1) When x and y can be coerced to values of the same type, return a tuple containing the coerced values. When they can't be coerced, return None.
compile	compile(source, filename, mode[, flags[, dont_inherit]]) -> code object Compile the source string (a Python module, statement or expression) into a code object that can be executed by the exec statement or eval(). The filename will be used for run-time error messages. The mode must be 'exec' to compile a module, 'single' to compile a single (interactive) statement, or 'eval' to compile an expression. The flags argument, if present, controls which future statements influence the compilation of the code. The dont_inherit argument, if non-zero, stops the compilation inheriting the effects of any future statements in effect in the code calling compile; if absent or zero these statements do influence the compilation, in addition to any features explicitly specified.
delattr	delattr(object, name) Delete a named attribute on an object; delattr(x, 'y') is equivalent to ``del x.y''.
dir	dir([object]) -> list of strings Return an alphabetized list of names comprising (some of) the attributes of the given object, and of attributes reachable from it: No argument: the names in the current scope. Module object: the module attributes. Type or class object: its attributes, and recursively the attributes of its bases. Otherwise: its attributes, its class's attributes, and recursively the attributes of its class's base classes.
divmod	divmod(x, y) -> (div, mod) Return the tuple ((x-x%y)/y, x%y). Invariant: div*y + mod == x.
eval	eval(source[, globals[, locals]]) -> value Evaluate the source in the context of globals and locals. The source may be a string representing a Python expression or a code object as returned by compile(). The globals and locals are dictionaries, defaulting to the current globals and locals. If only globals is given, locals defaults to it.
execfile	execfile(filename[, globals[, locals]]) Read and execute a Python script from a file. The globals and locals are dictionaries, defaulting to the current globals and locals. If only globals is given, locals defaults to it.
filter	filter(function or None, sequence) -> list, tuple, or string Return those items of sequence for which function(item) is true. If function is None, return the items that are true. If sequence is a tuple or string, return the same type, else return a list.
getattr	getattr(object, name[, default]) -> value Get a named attribute from an object; getattr(x, 'y') is equivalent to x.y. When a default argument is given, it is returned when the attribute doesn't exist; without it, an exception is raised in that case.
globals	globals() -> dictionary Return the dictionary containing the current scope's global variables.
hasattr	hasattr(object, name) -> bool Return whether the object has an attribute with the given name. (This is done by calling getattr(object, name) and catching exceptions.)
hash	hash(object) -> integer Return a hash value for the object. Two objects with the same value have the same hash value. The reverse is not necessarily true, but likely.
hex	hex(number) -> string Return the hexadecimal representation of an integer or long integer.
id	id(object) -> integer Return the identity of an object. This is guaranteed to be unique among simultaneously existing objects. (Hint: it's the object's memory address.)
input	input([prompt]) -> value Equivalent to eval(raw_input(prompt)).
intern	intern(string) -> string ``Intern'' the given string. This enters the string in the (global) table of interned strings whose purpose is to speed up dictionary lookups. Return the string itself or the previously interned string object with the same value.
isinstance	isinstance(object, class-or-type-or-tuple) -> bool Return whether an object is an instance of a class or of a subclass thereof. With a type as second argument, return whether that is the object's type. The form using a tuple, isinstance(x, (A, B, ...)), is a shortcut for isinstance(x, A) or isinstance(x, B) or ... (etc.).
issubclass	issubclass(C, B) -> bool Return whether class C is a subclass (i.e., a derived class) of class B. When using a tuple as the second argument issubclass(X, (A, B, ...)), is a shortcut for issubclass(X, A) or issubclass(X, B) or ... (etc.).
iter	iter(collection) -> iterator iter(callable, sentinel) -> iterator Get an iterator from an object. In the first form, the argument must supply its own iterator, or be a sequence. In the second form, the callable is called until it returns the sentinel.
len	len(object) -> integer Return the number of items of a sequence or mapping.
locals	locals() -> dictionary Update and return a dictionary containing the current scope's local variables.
map	map(function, sequence[, sequence, ...]) -> list Return a list of the results of applying the function to the items of the argument sequence(s). If more than one sequence is given, the function is called with an argument list consisting of the corresponding item of each sequence, substituting None for missing values when not all sequences have the same length. If the function is None, return a list of the items of the sequence (or a list of tuples if more than one sequence).
max	max(sequence) -> value max(a, b, c, ...) -> value With a single sequence argument, return its largest item. With two or more arguments, return the largest argument.
min	min(sequence) -> value min(a, b, c, ...) -> value With a single sequence argument, return its smallest item. With two or more arguments, return the smallest argument.
oct	oct(number) -> string Return the octal representation of an integer or long integer.
ord	ord(c) -> integer Return the integer ordinal of a one-character string.
pow	pow(x, y[, z]) -> number With two arguments, equivalent to x**y. With three arguments, equivalent to (x**y) % z, but may be more efficient (e.g. for longs).
range	range([start,] stop[, step]) -> list of integers Return a list containing an arithmetic progression of integers. range(i, j) returns [i, i+1, i+2, ..., j-1]; start (!) defaults to 0. When step is given, it specifies the increment (or decrement). For example, range(4) returns [0, 1, 2, 3]. The end point is omitted! These are exactly the valid indices for a list of 4 elements.
raw_input	raw_input([prompt]) -> string Read a string from standard input. The trailing newline is stripped. If the user hits EOF (Unix: Ctl-D, Windows: Ctl-Z+Return), raise EOFError. On Unix, GNU readline is used if enabled. The prompt string, if given, is printed without a trailing newline before reading.
reduce	reduce(function, sequence[, initial]) -> value Apply a function of two arguments cumulatively to the items of a sequence, from left to right, so as to reduce the sequence to a single value. For example, reduce(lambda x, y: x+y, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) calculates ((((1+2)+3)+4)+5). If initial is present, it is placed before the items of the sequence in the calculation, and serves as a default when the sequence is empty.
reload	reload(module) -> module Reload the module. The module must have been successfully imported before.
repr	repr(object) -> string Return the canonical string representation of the object. For most object types, eval(repr(object)) == object.
round	round(number[, ndigits]) -> floating point number Round a number to a given precision in decimal digits (default 0 digits). This always returns a floating point number. Precision may be negative.
setattr	setattr(object, name, value) Set a named attribute on an object; setattr(x, 'y', v) is equivalent to ``x.y = v''.
sum	sum(sequence, start=0) -> value Returns the sum of a sequence of numbers (NOT strings) plus the value of parameter 'start'. When the sequence is empty, returns start.
unichr	unichr(i) -> Unicode character Return a Unicode string of one character with ordinal i; 0 <= i <= 0x10ffff.
vars	vars([object]) -> dictionary Without arguments, equivalent to locals(). With an argument, equivalent to object.__dict__.
zip	zip(seq1 [, seq2 [...]]) -> [(seq1[0], seq2[0] ...), (...)] Return a list of tuples, where each tuple contains the i-th element from each of the argument sequences. The returned list is truncated in length to the length of the shortest argument sequence.