1.Operator overloading
一般的： c& c::operator=(const c&){。。。。return *this;}; --------格式 運算符的重載
w = x = y = z = "hello";//可以返回引用，效率高
a＋b+c+d //必須返回類，而不是返回引用
c c::operator=(const c &){ 。。。。。。return *this;};
Operators that can be overloaded
+, -, *, /, %, ^, &, +=,-=,*=,/=, (), [], >>, ==,=,->,++,--, ->*, … new, delete
Operators that can not be overloaded
., ::, ?:, .*
//Notes for ++, -- operator
區別：
T& operator ++() //prefix ++a
T operator++(int) //postfix a++
一般情況下幾乎總要遵循operator=輸入和返回的都是類對象的引用的原則.
必須返回一個對象時不要試圖返回一個引用,當需要在返回引用和返回對象間做決定時，你的職責是選擇可以完成正確功能的那個。至于怎么讓這個選擇所產生的代價盡可能的小，那是編譯器的生產商去想的事。
2.
const成員函數不被允許修改它所在對象的任何一個數據成員。mutable在處理“bitwise-constness限制”問題時是一個很好的方案，但它被加入到c++標準中的時間不長，所以有的編譯器可能還不支持它。
explicit表示必須顯示的調用該函數。
3.void including more times
#findef
#define
#endif
等價于
#progma once
4 .struct
#pragma pack(pop, n)
struct Employee{
char cName[5];
short nAge;
float dSalary;
bool bMarried;
};
sizeof(Employee) depends on struct member alignment. Default is 4 bytes alignment. sizeof(Employee) = 16
2 bytes data wants to start from even address, 4 bytes data wants to start from address that is 4 times, 1 byte data can start from any address
我們可以用以下改變默認的對齊方式。
#pragma pack(pop, n)
5。enum ：It can define a set of const values.
6。In fact, C++ compiler creates a global function for each member function, and add another parameter whose type is our class. 一般位類名_函數名_參數列表
7。constructor ※ deconstructor
Copy Constructor
Copy constructor is a constructor that has a parameter whose type is class reference.
and the class reference is const.
eg:
CRectangle( const CRectangle& other)
eg：
CComplex a;
CComplex b=a; // Copy constructor is invoked
b=a; //Assignment operator is invoked
Converting Constructor
一般定義位explicit函數，必須被顯示的調用
8。const in class
4 cases in a class
const int member;只能在初始化列表里進行初始化
int funct( const int nFactor,…);參數位常熟，在函數種不可被修改
const int func(…); 返回的值位常熟不可以再被賦值和修改
int func(…) const; 常函數，不可以修改所在類的成員，要修改的成員必須有mutable關鍵字
9。inline
You can see there is no function calling in assembly.
A function defined within a class definition is an inline function.
Although a function is inline, that whether to expend or not depends on compiler or its settings.一般函數里有循環的系統認為不內聯
10. Member-initializer-list
Const, reference and base class constructor (that has arguments) must be initialized or called in member-initializer-list
Members are initialized by order that they are defined in class definition, not by order their initializers are in member-initializer-list.
eg:
CCircle::CCircle() : PI(3.14159), m_dOrgX(0.0), m_dOrgY(0.0)
{
}
基類的初始化，按照子類定義時的順序，不時初始化列表的順序
11。 class Default functions
Constructor [do nothing]
Copy constructor [bitwise copy]
Destructor ( ~ ) [do nothing]
Assignment operator ( = ) [bitwise copy]
Address operator ( & )
Dereference operator ( * )
//當有指針是自己定義拷貝構造和賦值
eg：
if(other.m_pBuffer!=NULL) {
m_pBuffer=new TCHAR[tcslen(other.m_pBuffer)+1];
tcscpy(m_pBuffer,other.m_pBuffer);}
12 this 指針
Point lower;
lower.setX(20).setY(30).doubleMe() ;
因為：
Point& setX(int x) { _x = x; return *this;}
Point& setY(int y) { _y = y; return *this;}
void doubleMe()
{ _x *= 2;
_y *= 2;
}
13。 const static int PI=1;類中的成員直接賦值,只有這一種情況可以，必須為int.
double CCircle::PI = 1.0;類中的靜態成員初始化必須再類外，而且還的有類型, 如前面.
靜態成員的初始化不能再構造函數中進行！
14. Dynamic_cast
The dynamic_cast is used for safe casting from a pointer to a base class to a pointer to a derived class, often referred to as safe down casting. It is used when one must use the features of the derived class that are not present in the base class.
typeid typeid( object );
The typeid operator returns a reference to a type_info object that describes `object`.
If the expression is of class type and the class contains one or more virtual member functions, then the answer may be different than the type of the expression itself. For example, if the expression is a reference to a base class, the typeid operator indicates the derived class type of the underlying object.
PTTI運行時刻類型識別允許“用指向基類的指針或引用來操作對象”的程序能夠獲取到“這些指針或引用所指的對象”的實際派生類型。
1. Dynamic_cast它允許在運行時刻進行類型轉換，從而使程序能夠在一個類層次結構中安全地轉換類型，把基類指針轉化成派生類指針，或把指向基類的左值轉換成派生類的引用，當然只有在保證轉換能夠成功的情況下可以。
2. typeid操作符，它指出指針或引用指向的對象的實際派生類型。它在程序中可以用于獲取一個表達式是一個類類型，并且含有一個或多個虛函數成員，則答案會不同于表達式本身的類型。例如，如果表達式是一個基類的引用，則typeid會指出底層對象的派生類類型。
15. What exceptions can a function throw if it has an exception specification of the form throw()? (6’) throw all kinds of exceptions
If it has no exception specification?
What means the syntax: catch (…) catch all types of exceptions