浣滀負Lisp 鍙樹綋錛孲cheme 鏄竴闂ㄩ潪甯哥畝媧佺殑璁＄畻璇█錛屼嬌鐢ㄥ畠鐨勭紪紼嬩漢鍛樺彲浠ユ憜鑴辮璦鏈韓鐨勫鏉傛э紝鎶婃敞鎰忓姏闆嗕腑鍒版洿閲嶈鐨勯棶棰樹笂錛屼粠鑰屼嬌璇█鐪熸鎴愪負瑙ｅ喅闂鐨勫伐鍏楓傛湰鏂囧垎涓轟笂銆?涓嬩袱閮ㄥ垎鏉ヤ粙緇?scheme 璇█銆?/p>
涓錛嶴cheme璇█鐨勭壒鐐?/h2>
Scheme 璇█鏄疞ISP璇█鐨勪竴涓柟璦(鎴栬鎴愬彉縐?錛屽畠璇炵敓浜?975騫寸殑MIT錛屽浜庤繖涓湁榪戜笁鍗佸勾鍘嗗彶鐨勭紪紼嬭璦鏉ヨ錛屽畠騫舵病鏈夎薄C++錛宩ava錛孋#閭? 鏍峰彈鍒板晢涓氶鍩熺殑闈掔潗錛屽湪鍥藉唴鏇存槸鏄句負浜虹煡銆備絾瀹冨湪鍥藉鐨勮綆楁満鏁欒偛棰嗗煙鍐呭嵈鏄湁鐫騫挎硾搴旂敤鐨勶紝鏈夊緢澶氫漢瀛︾殑絎竴闂ㄨ綆楁満璇█灝辨槸Scheme璇█銆?/p>
瀹冩槸涓涓皬宸ц屽張寮哄ぇ鐨勮璦錛屼綔涓轟竴涓鐢ㄩ旂殑緙栫▼璇█錛屽畠鍙互浣滀負鑴氭湰璇█浣跨敤錛屼篃鍙互浣滀負搴旂敤杞歡鐨勬墿灞曡璦鏉ヤ嬌鐢紝瀹冨叿鏈夊厓璇█鐗規э紝榪樻湁寰堝鐙埌鐨勭壒鑹?浠ヨ嚧浜庡畠琚О涓虹紪紼嬭璦涓殑"鐨囧悗"銆?/p>
涓嬮潰鏄椽宄板Scheme璇█鐨勭紪紼嬬壒鑹茬殑褰掔撼錛?/p>
- 璇嶆硶瀹氱晫錛圠exical Scoping錛?/li>
- 鍔ㄦ佺被鍨嬶紙Dynamic Typing錛?/li>
- 鑹ソ鐨勫彲鎵╁睍鎬?/li>
- 灝鵑掑綊錛圱ail Recursive錛?/li>
- 鍑芥暟鍙互浣滀負鍊艱繑鍥?/li>
- 鏀寔涓嫻佺殑璁＄畻榪炵畫
- 浼犲艱皟鐢紙passing-by-value錛?/li>
- 綆楁湳榪愮畻鐩稿鐙珛
鏈枃鐨勭洰鐨勬槸璁╂湁緙栫▼鍩虹錛堥偅鎬曟槸涓鐐圭偣錛夌殑鏈嬪弸鑳藉敖蹇殑鎺屾彙Scheme璇█鐨勮娉曡鍒欙紝濡傛灉鎮ㄥ湪璇誨畬鏈枃鍚庯紝鍙戠幇鑷繁宸茬粡浼氱敤Scheme璇█浜嗭紝閭ｄ箞鎴戠殑鐩殑灝辮揪鍒頒簡銆?/p>
浜岋紟Scheme璇█鐨勬爣鍑嗕笌瀹炵幇
R5RS (Revised(5) Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme)
Scheme璇█鐨勮娉曡鍒欑殑絎?嬈′慨姝ｇǹ錛?998騫村埗瀹氾紝鍗砈cheme璇█鐨勭幇琛屾爣鍑嗭紝鐩墠澶у鏁癝cheme璇█鐨勫疄鐜伴兘灝嗚揪鍒版垨閬靛驚姝ゆ爣鍑嗭紝騫朵笖鍑犱箮閮藉姞鍏ヤ簡涓浜涘睘浜庤嚜宸辯殑鎵╁睍鐗硅壊銆?/p>
Guile (GNU's extension language)
Guile鏄疓NU宸ョ▼鐨勪竴涓」鐩紝瀹冩槸GNU鎵╁睍璇█搴擄紝瀹冧篃鏄疭cheme璇█鐨勪竴涓叿浣撳疄鐜幫紱濡傛灉浣犲皢瀹冧綔涓轟竴涓簱鎵撳寘錛屽彲浠ユ妸瀹冮摼鎺ュ埌浣犵殑搴旂敤紼嬪簭涓幓錛屼嬌浣犵殑搴旂敤紼嬪簭鍏鋒湁鑷繁鐨勮剼鏈璦錛岃繖涓剼鏈璦鐩墠灝辨槸Scheme璇█銆?/p>
Guile鍙互鍦↙INUX鍜屼竴浜沀NIX緋葷粺涓婅繍琛岋紝涓嬮潰鏄畝鍗曠殑瀹夎榪囩▼錛?/p>
涓嬭澆guile-1.6.4鐗堬紝鏂囦歡鍚嶄負guile-1.6.4.tar.gz錛屾墽琛屼笅闈㈢殑鍛戒護錛?/p>
tar xvfz guile-1.6.4.tar.gz
cd guile-1.6.4
./configure
make
make install
濡傛錛屽嵆鍙互鎵ц鍛戒護guile錛岃繘鍏uile>鎻愮ず絎︾姸鎬侊紝杈撳叆璋冭瘯Scheme紼嬪簭浠ｇ爜浜嗭紝鏈枃鐨勬墍鏈変唬鐮侀兘鏄湪guile涓嬭皟璇曢氳繃銆?/p>
鍏跺畠瀹炵幇
闄や簡Guile澶栵紝Scheme璇█鐨勫疄鐜拌繕鏈夊緢澶氾紝濡傦細GNU/MIT-Scheme錛? SCI錛孲cheme48錛孌rScheme絳夛紝瀹冧滑澶у鏄紑婧愮殑錛屽彲浠ヨ嚜鐢變笅杞藉畨瑁呬嬌鐢紝騫朵笖璺ㄥ鉤鍙扮殑瀹炵幇涔熷緢澶氥備綘浼氬彂鐜版棦鏈夎薄basic鐨? Scheme璇█瑙ｉ噴鍣紝涔熸湁灝哠cheme璇█緙栬瘧鎴怌璇█鐨勭紪璇戝櫒錛屼篃鏈夎薄JAVA閭ｆ牱灝哠cheme璇█浠ｇ爜緙栬瘧鎴愯櫄鎷熸満浠ｇ爜鐨勭紪璇戝櫒銆?/p>
涓夛紟鍩烘湰姒傚康
娉ㄩ噴
Scheme璇█涓殑娉ㄩ噴鏄崟琛屾敞閲婏紝浠ュ垎鍙穂;]寮濮嬩竴鐩村埌琛屽熬緇撴潫錛屽叾涓棿鐨勫唴瀹逛負娉ㄩ噴錛屽湪紼嬪簭榪愯鏃朵笉鍋氬鐞嗭紝濡傦細
; this is a scheme comment line.
鏍囧噯鐨凷cheme璇█瀹氫箟涓病鏈夊琛屾敞閲婏紝涓嶈繃鍦ㄥ畠鐨勫疄鐜頒腑鍑犱箮閮芥湁銆傚湪Guile涓氨鏈夊琛屾敞閲婏紝浠ョ鍙風粍鍚?#!"寮濮嬶紝浠ョ浉鍙嶇殑鍙︿竴絎﹀彿緇勫悎"!#"緇撴潫錛屽叾涓唴瀹逛負娉ㄩ噴錛屽錛?/p>
#!
there are scheme comment area.
you can write mulity lines here .
!#
娉ㄦ剰鐨勬槸錛岀鍙風粍鍚?#!"鍜?!#"涓瀹氬垎鍋氫袱琛屾潵鍐欍?/p>
Scheme鐢ㄥ仛鑴氭湰璇█
Scheme璇█鍙互璞h錛宲erl錛宲ython絳夎璦閭ｆ牱浣滀負涓縐嶈剼鏈璦鏉ヤ嬌鐢紝鐢ㄥ畠鏉ョ紪鍐欏彲鎵ц鑴氭湰錛屽湪Linux涓鏋滈氳繃Guile鐢⊿cheme璇█鍐欏彲鎵ц鑴氭湰錛屽畠鐨勭涓琛屽拰絎簩琛屼竴鑸槸綾諱技涓嬮潰鐨勫唴瀹癸細
#! /usr/local/bin/guile -s
!#
榪欐牱鐨勮瘽浠ｇ爜鍦ㄨ繍琛屾椂浼氳嚜鍔ㄨ皟鐢℅uile鏉ヨВ閲婃墽琛岋紝鏍囧噯鐨勬枃浠跺熬緙鏄?.scm"銆?/p>
鍧?form)
鍧?form)鏄疭cheme璇█涓殑鏈灝忕▼搴忓崟鍏冿紝涓涓猄cheme璇█紼嬪簭鏄敱涓涓垨澶氫釜form鏋勬垚銆傛病鏈夌壒孌婅鏄庣殑鎯呭喌涓?form 閮界敱灝忔嫭鍙鋒嫭璧鋒潵錛屽艦濡傦細
(define x 123)
(+ 1 2)
(* 4 5 6)
(display "hello world")
涓涓?form 涔熷彲浠ユ槸涓涓〃杈懼紡錛屼竴涓彉閲忓畾涔夛紝涔熷彲浠ユ槸涓涓繃紼嬨?/p>
form宓屽
Scheme璇█涓厑璁竑orm鐨勫祵濂楋紝榪欎嬌瀹冨彲浠ヨ交鏉劇殑瀹炵幇澶嶆潅鐨勮〃杈懼紡錛屽悓鏃朵篃鏄竴縐嶉潪甯告湁鑷繁鐗硅壊鐨勮〃杈懼紡銆備笅鍥劇ず鎰忎簡宓屽鐨勭◢澶嶆潅涓鐐圭殑琛ㄨ揪寮忕殑榪愮畻榪囩▼錛?/p>
鍙橀噺瀹氫箟
鍙互鐢╠efine鏉ュ畾涔変竴涓彉閲忥紝褰㈠紡濡備笅錛?/p>
(define 鍙橀噺鍚?鍊?
濡傦細 (define x 123) 錛屽畾涔変竴涓彉閲弜錛屽叾鍊間負123銆?/p>
鏇存敼鍙橀噺鐨勫?/p>
鍙互鐢╯et!鏉ユ敼鍙樺彉閲忕殑鍊鹼紝鏍煎紡濡備笅錛?/p>
(set! 鍙橀噺鍚?鍊?
濡傦細 (set! x "hello") 錛屽皢鍙橀噺x鐨勫兼敼涓?hello" 銆?/p>
Scheme璇█鏄竴縐嶉珮綰ц璦錛屽拰寰堝楂樼駭璇█(濡俻ython錛宲erl)涓鏍鳳紝瀹冪殑鍙橀噺綾誨瀷涓嶆槸鍥哄畾鐨勶紝鍙互闅忔椂鏀瑰彉銆?/p>
鍥涳紟鏁版嵁綾誨瀷
1. 綆鍗曟暟鎹被鍨?/h2>
閫昏緫鍨?boolean)
鏈鍩烘湰鐨勬暟鎹被鍨嬶紝涔熸槸寰堝璁＄畻鏈鴻璦涓兘鏀寔鐨勬渶綆鍗曠殑鏁版嵁綾誨瀷錛屽彧鑳藉彇涓や釜鍊鹼細#t錛岀浉褰撲簬鍏跺畠璁＄畻鏈鴻璦涓殑 TRUE錛?f錛岀浉褰撲簬鍏跺畠璁＄畻鏈鴻璦涓殑 FALSE銆?/p>
Scheme璇█涓殑boolean綾誨瀷鍙湁涓縐嶆搷浣滐細not銆傚叾鎰忎負鍙栫浉鍙嶇殑鍊鹼紝鍗籌細
(not #f) => #t
(not #t) => #f
not鐨勫紩鐢紝涓庨昏緫闈炶繍綆楁搷浣滅被浼?/p>
guile> (not 1)
#f
guile> (not (list 1 2 3))
#f
guile> (not 'a)
#f
浠庝笂闈㈢殑鎿嶄綔涓彲浠ョ湅鍑烘潵錛屽彧瑕乶ot鍚庨潰鐨勫弬鏁頒笉鏄昏緫鍨嬶紝鍏惰繑鍥炲煎潎涓?f銆?/p>
鏁板瓧鍨?number)
瀹冨張鍒嗕負鍥涚瀛愮被鍨嬶細鏁村瀷(integer)錛屾湁鐞嗘暟鍨?rational)錛屽疄鍨?real)錛屽鏁板瀷(complex)錛涘畠浠張琚粺涓縐頒負鏁板瓧綾誨瀷(number)銆?/p>
濡傦細澶嶆暟鍨?complex) 鍙互瀹氫箟涓?(define c 3+2i)
瀹炴暟鍨嬶紙real錛夊彲浠ュ畾涔変負 (define f 22/7)
鏈夌悊鏁板瀷錛坮ational錛夊彲浠ュ畾涔変負 (define p 3.1415)
鏁存暟鍨?integer) 鍙互瀹氫箟涓?(define i 123)
Scheme 璇█涓紝鏁板瓧綾誨瀷鐨勬暟鎹繕鍙互鎸夌収榪涘埗鍒嗙被錛屽嵆浜岃繘鍒訛紝鍏繘鍒訛紝鍗佽繘鍒跺拰鍗佸叚榪涘埗錛屽湪澶栬褰㈠紡涓婂畠浠垎鍒互絎﹀彿緇勫悎 #b銆?
#o銆?#d銆?#x 鏉ヤ綔涓鴻〃紺烘暟瀛楄繘鍒剁被鍨嬬殑鍓嶇紑錛屽叾涓〃紺哄崄榪涘埗鐨?d鍙互鐪佺暐涓嶅啓錛屽錛氫簩榪涘埗鐨?#b1010 錛屽叓榪涘埗鐨?
#o567錛屽崄榪涘埗鐨?23鎴?#d123錛屽崄鍏繘鍒剁殑 #x1afc 銆?/p>
Scheme璇█鐨勮繖縐嶄弗鏍兼寜鐓ф暟瀛﹀畾鐞嗘潵涓烘暟瀛楃被鍨嬭繘琛屽垎綾葷殑鏂規硶鍙互鐪嬪嚭Scheme璇█閲岄潰娓楅忕潃寰堟繁鐨勬暟瀛︽濇兂錛孲cheme璇█鏄敱鏁板瀹朵滑鍒涢犲嚭鏉ョ殑錛屽湪榪欐柟闈㈣〃鐜板緱涔熸瘮杈冮矞鏄庛?/p>
瀛楃鍨?char)
Scheme璇█涓殑瀛楃鍨嬫暟鎹潎浠ョ鍙風粍鍚?"#\" 寮濮嬶紝琛ㄧず鍗曚釜瀛楃錛屽彲浠ユ槸瀛楁瘝銆佹暟瀛楁垨"[ ! $ % & * + - . / : < = > ? @ ^ _ ~ ]"絳夌瓑鍏跺畠瀛楃錛屽錛?
#\A 琛ㄧず澶у啓瀛楁瘝A錛?\0琛ㄧず瀛楃0錛?
鍏朵腑鐗規畩瀛楃鏈夛細#\space 琛ㄧず絀烘牸絎﹀拰 #\newline 琛ㄧず鎹㈣絎︺?/p>
絎﹀彿鍨?symbol)
絎﹀彿綾誨瀷鏄疭cheme璇█涓湁澶氱鐢ㄩ旂殑絎﹀彿鍚嶇О錛屽畠鍙互鏄崟璇嶏紝鐢ㄦ嫭鍙鋒嫭璧鋒潵鐨勫涓崟璇嶏紝涔熷彲浠ユ槸鏃犳剰涔夌殑瀛楁瘝緇勫悎鎴栫鍙風粍鍚堬紝瀹冨湪鏌愮鎰忎箟涓婂彲浠ョ悊瑙ｄ負C涓殑鏋氫婦綾誨瀷銆傜湅涓嬮潰鐨勬搷浣滐細
guile> (define a (quote xyz)) ; 瀹氫箟鍙橀噺a涓虹鍙風被鍨嬶紝鍊間負xyz
guile> a
xyz
guile> (define xyz 'a) ; 瀹氫箟鍙橀噺xyz涓虹鍙風被鍨嬶紝鍊間負a
guile> xyz
a
姝ゅ涔熻鏄庡崟寮曞彿' 涓巕uote鏄瓑浠風殑錛屽茍涓旀洿綆鍗曚竴浜涖傜鍙風被鍨嬩笌瀛楃涓蹭笉鍚岀殑鏄鍙風被鍨嬩笉鑳借薄瀛楃涓查偅鏍峰彲浠ュ彇寰楅暱搴︽垨鏀瑰彉鍏朵腑鏌愪竴鎴愬憳瀛楃鐨勫鹼紝浣嗕簩鑰呬箣闂村彲浠ヤ簰鐩歌漿鎹€?/p>
閫昏緫鍨?boolean)
鏈鍩烘湰鐨勬暟鎹被鍨嬶紝涔熸槸寰堝璁＄畻鏈鴻璦涓兘鏀寔鐨勬渶綆鍗曠殑鏁版嵁綾誨瀷錛屽彧鑳藉彇涓や釜鍊鹼細#t錛岀浉褰撲簬鍏跺畠璁＄畻鏈鴻璦涓殑 TRUE錛?f錛岀浉褰撲簬鍏跺畠璁＄畻鏈鴻璦涓殑 FALSE銆?/p>
Scheme璇█涓殑boolean綾誨瀷鍙湁涓縐嶆搷浣滐細not銆傚叾鎰忎負鍙栫浉鍙嶇殑鍊鹼紝鍗籌細
(not #f) => #t
(not #t) => #f
not鐨勫紩鐢紝涓庨昏緫闈炶繍綆楁搷浣滅被浼?/p>
guile> (not 1)
#f
guile> (not (list 1 2 3))
#f
guile> (not 'a)
#f
浠庝笂闈㈢殑鎿嶄綔涓彲浠ョ湅鍑烘潵錛屽彧瑕乶ot鍚庨潰鐨勫弬鏁頒笉鏄昏緫鍨嬶紝鍏惰繑鍥炲煎潎涓?f銆?/p>
鏁板瓧鍨?number)
瀹冨張鍒嗕負鍥涚瀛愮被鍨嬶細鏁村瀷(integer)錛屾湁鐞嗘暟鍨?rational)錛屽疄鍨?real)錛屽鏁板瀷(complex)錛涘畠浠張琚粺涓縐頒負鏁板瓧綾誨瀷(number)銆?/p>
濡傦細澶嶆暟鍨?complex) 鍙互瀹氫箟涓?(define c 3+2i) 瀹炴暟鍨嬶紙real錛夊彲浠ュ畾涔変負 (define f 22/7) 鏈夌悊鏁板瀷錛坮ational錛夊彲浠ュ畾涔変負 (define p 3.1415) 鏁存暟鍨?integer) 鍙互瀹氫箟涓?(define i 123)
Scheme 璇█涓紝鏁板瓧綾誨瀷鐨勬暟鎹繕鍙互鎸夌収榪涘埗鍒嗙被錛屽嵆浜岃繘鍒訛紝鍏繘鍒訛紝鍗佽繘鍒跺拰鍗佸叚榪涘埗錛屽湪澶栬褰㈠紡涓婂畠浠垎鍒互絎﹀彿緇勫悎 #b銆? #o銆?#d銆?#x 鏉ヤ綔涓鴻〃紺烘暟瀛楄繘鍒剁被鍨嬬殑鍓嶇紑錛屽叾涓〃紺哄崄榪涘埗鐨?d鍙互鐪佺暐涓嶅啓錛屽錛氫簩榪涘埗鐨?#b1010 錛屽叓榪涘埗鐨? #o567錛屽崄榪涘埗鐨?23鎴?#d123錛屽崄鍏繘鍒剁殑 #x1afc 銆?/p>
Scheme璇█鐨勮繖縐嶄弗鏍兼寜鐓ф暟瀛﹀畾鐞嗘潵涓烘暟瀛楃被鍨嬭繘琛屽垎綾葷殑鏂規硶鍙互鐪嬪嚭Scheme璇█閲岄潰娓楅忕潃寰堟繁鐨勬暟瀛︽濇兂錛孲cheme璇█鏄敱鏁板瀹朵滑鍒涢犲嚭鏉ョ殑錛屽湪榪欐柟闈㈣〃鐜板緱涔熸瘮杈冮矞鏄庛?/p>
瀛楃鍨?char)
Scheme璇█涓殑瀛楃鍨嬫暟鎹潎浠ョ鍙風粍鍚?"#\" 寮濮嬶紝琛ㄧず鍗曚釜瀛楃錛屽彲浠ユ槸瀛楁瘝銆佹暟瀛楁垨"[ ! $ % & * + - . / : < = > ? @ ^ _ ~ ]"絳夌瓑鍏跺畠瀛楃錛屽錛? #\A 琛ㄧず澶у啓瀛楁瘝A錛?\0琛ㄧず瀛楃0錛? 鍏朵腑鐗規畩瀛楃鏈夛細#\space 琛ㄧず絀烘牸絎﹀拰 #\newline 琛ㄧず鎹㈣絎︺?/p>
絎﹀彿鍨?symbol)
絎﹀彿綾誨瀷鏄疭cheme璇█涓湁澶氱鐢ㄩ旂殑絎﹀彿鍚嶇О錛屽畠鍙互鏄崟璇嶏紝鐢ㄦ嫭鍙鋒嫭璧鋒潵鐨勫涓崟璇嶏紝涔熷彲浠ユ槸鏃犳剰涔夌殑瀛楁瘝緇勫悎鎴栫鍙風粍鍚堬紝瀹冨湪鏌愮鎰忎箟涓婂彲浠ョ悊瑙ｄ負C涓殑鏋氫婦綾誨瀷銆傜湅涓嬮潰鐨勬搷浣滐細
guile> (define a (quote xyz)) ; 瀹氫箟鍙橀噺a涓虹鍙風被鍨嬶紝鍊間負xyz
guile> a
xyz
guile> (define xyz 'a) ; 瀹氫箟鍙橀噺xyz涓虹鍙風被鍨嬶紝鍊間負a
guile> xyz
a
姝ゅ涔熻鏄庡崟寮曞彿' 涓巕uote鏄瓑浠風殑錛屽茍涓旀洿綆鍗曚竴浜涖傜鍙風被鍨嬩笌瀛楃涓蹭笉鍚岀殑鏄鍙風被鍨嬩笉鑳借薄瀛楃涓查偅鏍峰彲浠ュ彇寰楅暱搴︽垨鏀瑰彉鍏朵腑鏌愪竴鎴愬憳瀛楃鐨勫鹼紝浣嗕簩鑰呬箣闂村彲浠ヤ簰鐩歌漿鎹€?/p>
2. 澶嶅悎鏁版嵁綾誨瀷
鍙互璇村鍚堟暟鎹被鍨嬫槸鐢卞熀鏈殑綆鍗曟暟鎹被鍨嬮氳繃鏌愮鏂瑰紡鍔犱互緇勫悎褰㈡垚鐨勬暟鎹被鍨嬶紝鐗圭偣鏄彲浠ュ綰沖縐嶆垨澶氫釜鍗曚竴鐨勭畝鍗曟暟鎹被鍨嬬殑鏁版嵁錛屽鏁版槸鍩轟簬鏌愪竴縐嶆暟瀛︽ā鍨嬪垱寤虹殑銆?/p>
瀛楃涓?string) 鐢卞涓瓧絎︾粍鎴愮殑鏁版嵁綾誨瀷錛屽彲浠ョ洿鎺ュ啓鎴愮敱鍙屽紩鍙鋒嫭璧風殑鍐呭錛屽錛?hello" 銆備笅闈㈡槸Guile涓殑瀛楃涓插畾涔夊拰鐩稿叧鎿嶄綔錛?/p>
guile> (define name "tomson")
guile> name
"tomson"
guile> (string-length name) ; 鍙栧瓧絎︿覆鐨勯暱搴?br>6
guile> (string-set! name 0 #\g) ; 鏇存敼瀛楃涓查瀛楁瘝(絎?涓瓧絎?涓哄皬鍐欏瓧姣峠 (#\g)
guile> name
"gomson"
guile> (string-ref name 3) ; 鍙栧緱瀛楃涓插乏渚х3涓瓧絎︼紙浠?寮濮嬶級
#\s
瀛楃涓茶繕鍙互鐢ㄤ笅闈㈢殑褰㈠紡瀹氫箟錛?/p>
guile> (define other (string #\h #\e #\l #\l #\o ))
guile> other
"hello"
瀛楃涓蹭腑鍑虹幇寮曞彿鏃剁敤鍙嶆枩綰垮姞寮曞彿浠ｆ浛錛屽錛?abc\"def" 銆?/p>
鐐瑰(pair)
鎴戞妸瀹冭瘧鎴?鐐瑰"錛屽畠鏄竴縐嶉潪甯告湁瓚ｇ殑綾誨瀷錛屼篃鏄竴浜涘叾瀹冪被鍨嬬殑鍩虹綾誨瀷錛屽畠鏄敱涓涓偣鍜岃瀹冨垎闅斿紑鐨勪袱涓墍鍊肩粍鎴愮殑銆傚艦濡傦細 (1 . 2) 鎴?(a . b) 錛屾敞鎰忕殑鏄偣鐨勪袱杈規湁絀烘牸銆?/p>
榪欐槸鏈綆鍗曠殑澶嶅悎鏁版嵁綾誨瀷錛屽悓鏄畠涔熸槸鍏跺畠澶嶅悎鏁版嵁綾誨瀷鐨勫熀紜綾誨瀷錛屽鍒楄〃綾誨瀷錛坙ist錛夊氨鏄敱瀹冩潵瀹炵幇鐨勩?/p>
鎸夌収Scheme璇█璇存槑涓殑鎯緥錛屼互涓嬫垜浠敤絎﹀彿緇勫悎 "=>" 鏉ヨ〃紺鴻〃杈懼紡鐨勫箋?/p>
瀹冪敤cons鏉ュ畾涔夛紝濡傦細 (cons 8 9) =>(8 . 9)
鍏朵腑鍦ㄧ偣鍓嶉潰鐨勫艱縐頒負 car 錛屽湪鐐瑰悗闈㈢殑鍊艱縐頒負 cdr 錛宑ar鍜宑dr鍚屾椂鍙堟垚涓哄彇pair鐨勮繖涓や釜鍊肩殑榪囩▼錛屽錛?/p>
(define p (cons 4 5)) => (4 . 5)
(car p) => 4
(cdr p) => 5
榪樺彲浠ョ敤set-car! 鍜?set-cdr! 鏉ュ垎鍒瀹氳繖涓や釜鍊鹼細
(set-car! p "hello")
(set-cdr! p "good")
濡傛錛屼互鍓嶅畾涔夌殑 p 鍙堝彉鎴愪簡 ("hello" . "good") 榪欎釜鏍峰瓙浜嗐?/p>
鍒楄〃(list)
鍒楄〃鏄敱澶氫釜鐩稿悓鎴栦笉鍚岀殑鏁版嵁榪炵畫緇勬垚鐨勬暟鎹被鍨嬶紝瀹冩槸緙栫▼涓渶甯哥敤鐨勫鍚堟暟鎹被鍨嬩箣涓錛屽緢澶氳繃紼嬫搷浣滈兘涓庡畠鐩稿叧銆備笅闈㈡槸鍦℅uile涓垪琛ㄧ殑瀹氫箟鍜岀浉鍏蟲搷浣滐細
guile> (define la (list 1 2 3 4 ))
guile> la
(1 2 3 4)
guile> (length la) ; 鍙栧緱鍒楄〃鐨勯暱搴?br>4
guile> (list-ref la 3) ; 鍙栧緱鍒楄〃絎?欏圭殑鍊鹼紙浠?寮濮嬶級
4
guile> (list-set! la 2 99) ; 璁懼畾鍒楄〃絎?欏圭殑鍊間負99
99
guile> la
(1 2 99 4)
guile> (define y (make-list 5 6)) ;鍒涘緩鍒楄〃
guile> y
(6 6 6 6 6)
make-list鐢ㄦ潵鍒涘緩鍒楄〃錛岀涓涓弬鏁版槸鍒楄〃鐨勯暱搴︼紝絎簩涓弬鏁版槸鍒楄〃涓坊鍏呯殑鍐呭錛涜繕鍙互瀹炵幇澶氶噸鍒楄〃錛屽嵆鍒楄〃鐨勫厓绱犱篃鏄垪琛紝濡傦細(list (list 1 2 3) (list 4 5 6))銆?/p>
鍒楄〃涓巔air鐨勫叧緋?/h3>
鍥炶繃澶存潵錛屾垜浠啀鐪嬬湅涓嬮潰鐨勫畾涔夛細
guile> (define a (cons 1 (cons 2 (cons 3 '()))))
guile> a
(1 2 3)
鐢變笂鍙錛宎鏈潵鏄垜浠笂闈㈠畾涔夌殑鐐瑰錛屾渶鍚庡艦鎴愮殑鍗存槸鍒楄〃銆備簨瀹炰笂鍒楄〃鏄湪鐐瑰鐨勫熀紜涓婂艦鎴愮殑涓縐嶇壒孌婃牸寮忋?/p>
鍐嶇湅涓嬮潰鐨勪唬鐮侊細
guile> (define ls (list 1 2 3 4))
guile> ls
(1 2 3 4)
guile> (list? ls)
#t
guile> (pair? ls)
#t
鐢辨鍙錛宭ist鏄痯air鐨勫瓙綾誨瀷錛宭ist涓瀹氭槸涓涓猵air錛岃宲air涓嶆槸list銆?/p>
guile> (car ls)
1
guile> (cdr ls)
(2 3 4)
鍏禼dr鍙堟槸涓涓垪琛紝鍙鐢ㄤ簬pair鐨勬搷浣滆繃紼嬪ぇ澶氬彲浠ョ敤浜巐ist銆?/p>
guile> (cadr ls) ; 姝?鐐瑰"瀵硅薄鐨刢dr鐨刢ar
2
guile> (cddr ls) ; 姝?鐐瑰"瀵硅薄鐨刢dr鐨刢dr
(3 4)
guile> (caddr ls) ; 姝?鐐瑰"瀵硅薄鐨刢dr鐨刢dr鐨刢ar
3
guile> (cdddr ls) ; 姝?鐐瑰"瀵硅薄鐨刢dr鐨刢dr鐨刢dr
(4)
涓婂湪鐨勬搷浣滀腑鐢ㄥ埌鐨刢adr錛宑dddr絳夎繃紼嬫槸涓撻棬瀵筆AIR鍨嬫暟鎹啀澶嶅悎褰㈡垚鐨勬暟鎹搷浣滅殑榪囩▼錛屾渶澶氬彲浠ユ敮鎸佸湪涓棿鍔犲洓浣峚鎴杁錛屽cdddr錛宑aaddr絳夈?/p>
涓嬪浘琛ㄧず浜嗙敱pairs瀹氫箟褰㈡垚鐨勫垪琛細
榪欎釜鍒楄〃鍙互鐢眕air瀹氫箟涓哄涓嬪艦寮忥細
(define x (cons 'a (cons 'b (cons 'c (cons 'd '())))))
鑰屽垪琛ㄧ殑瀹為檯鍐呭鍒欎負錛?a b c d)
鐢眕air綾誨瀷榪樺彲浠ョ湅鍑哄畠鍙互杞繪澗鐨勮〃紺烘爲鍨嬬粨鏋勶紝灝ゅ叾鏄爣鍑嗙殑浜屽弶鏍戙?/p>
鍚戦噺錛坴ector錛?/h3>
鍙互璇存槸涓涓潪甯稿ソ鐢ㄧ殑綾誨瀷 錛屾槸涓縐嶅厓绱犳寜鏁存暟鏉ョ儲寮曠殑瀵硅薄錛屽紓婧愮殑鏁版嵁緇撴瀯錛屽湪鍗犵敤絀洪棿涓婃瘮鍚屾牱鍏冪礌鐨勫垪琛ㄨ灝戯紝鍦ㄥ瑙備笂錛?/p>
鍒楄〃紺轟負錛?(1 2 3 4) VECTOR琛ㄧず涓猴細 #(1 2 3 4) 鍙互姝ｅ父瀹氫箟錛?define v (vector 3 4 5)) 涔熷彲浠ョ洿鎺ュ畾涔夛細(define v #(3 4 5))
vector鏄竴縐嶆瘮杈冨父鐢ㄧ殑澶嶅悎綾誨瀷錛屽畠鐨勫厓绱犵儲寮曚粠0寮濮嬶紝鑷崇 n-1 緇撴潫錛岃繖涓鐐規湁鐐圭被浼糃璇█涓殑鏁扮粍銆?/p>
鍏充簬鍚戦噺琛紙vector錛夌殑甯哥敤鎿嶄綔榪囩▼錛?/p>
guile> (define v (vector 1 2 3 4 5))
guile> v
#(1 2 3 4 5)
guile> (vector-ref v 0) ; 姹傜n涓彉閲忕殑鍊?br>1
guile> (vector-length v) ; 姹倂ector鐨勯暱搴?br>5
guile> (vector-set! v 2 "abc") ; 璁懼畾vector絎琻涓厓绱犵殑鍊?br>guile> v
#(1 2 "abc" 4 5)
guile> (define x (make-vector 5 6)) ; 鍒涘緩鍚戦噺琛?br>guile> x
#(6 6 6 6 6)
make-vector鐢ㄦ潵鍒涘緩涓涓悜閲忚〃錛岀涓涓弬鏁版槸鏁伴噺錛屽悗涓涓弬鏁版槸娣誨厖鐨勫鹼紝榪欏拰鍒楄〃涓殑make-list闈炲父鐩鎬技銆?/p>
鎴戜滑鍙互鐪嬪嚭錛屽湪Scheme璇█涓紝姣忕鏁版嵁綾誨瀷閮芥湁涓浜涘熀鏈殑鍜屽畠鐩稿叧鐨勬搷浣滆繃紼嬶紝濡傚瓧絎︿覆錛屽垪琛ㄧ瓑鐩稿叧鐨勬搷浣滐紝榪欎簺鎿嶄綔榪囩▼閮藉緢鏈夎寰嬶紝榪囩▼鍚嶇殑鍗曡瘝涔嬮棿閮界敤-鍙烽殧寮錛屽緢瀹規槗鐞嗚В銆傚浜庡榪嘋++鐨勬湅鍙嬫潵璇達紝鏇寸被浼間簬鏌愪釜瀵硅薄鐨勬柟娉曪紝鍙笉榪囪〃鐜扮殑褰㈠紡涓嶅悓浜嗐?/p>
3. 綾誨瀷鐨勫垽鏂佹瘮杈冦佽繍綆椼佽漿鎹笌鏂規硶
綾誨瀷鍒ゆ柇
Scheme璇█涓墍鏈夊垽鏂兘鏄敤綾誨瀷鍚嶅姞闂彿鍐嶅姞鐩稿簲鐨勫父閲忔垨鍙橀噺鏋勬垚錛屽艦濡傦細
(綾誨瀷? 鍙橀噺)
Scheme璇█鍦ㄧ被鍨嬪畾涔変腑鏈夋瘮杈冧弗鏍肩殑鐣屽畾錛屽鍦–璇█絳変竴浜涜璦涓暟瀛?鏉ヤ唬鏇塊昏緫綾誨瀷鏁版嵁False錛屽湪Scheme璇█涓槸涓嶅厑璁哥殑銆?/p>
浠ヤ笅涓哄父瑙佺殑綾誨瀷鍒ゆ柇鍜岄檮鍔犺鏄庯細
閫昏緫鍨嬶細
(boolean? #t) => #t
(boolean? #f) => #t 鍥犱負#t鍜?f閮芥槸boolean綾誨瀷錛屾墍浠ュ叾鍊間負#t
(boolean? 2) => #f 鍥犱負2鏄暟瀛楃被鍨嬶紝鎵浠ュ叾鍊間負 #f
瀛楃鍨嬶細
(char? #\space) => #t
(char? #\newline) => #t 浠ヤ笂涓や釜鐗規畩瀛楃錛氱┖鏍煎拰鎹㈣
(char? #\f) => #t 灝忓啓瀛楁瘝 f
(char? #\;) => #t 鍒嗗彿 ;
(char? #\5) => #t 瀛楃 5 錛屼互涓婅繖浜涢兘鏄紜殑錛屾墍浠ヨ繑鍥炲奸兘鏄?#t
(char? 5) => #f 榪欐槸鏁板瓧 5 錛屼笉鏄瓧絎︾被鍨嬶紝鎵浠ヨ繑鍥?#f
鏁板瓧鍨嬶細
(integer? 1) => #t
(integer? 2345) => #t
(integer? -90) => #t 浠ヤ笂涓変釜鏁板潎涓烘暣鏁?br>(integer? 8.9) => #f 8.9涓嶆暣鏁?br>(rational? 22/7) => #t
(rational? 2.3) => #t
(real? 1.2) => #t
(real? 3.14159) => #t
(real? -198.34) => #t 浠ヤ笂涓変釜鏁板潎涓哄疄鏁板瀷
(real? 23) => #t 鍥犱負鏁村瀷灞炰簬瀹炲瀷
(number? 5) => #t
(number? 2.345) => #t
(number? 22/7) => #t
鍏跺畠鍨嬶細
(null? '()) => #t ; null鎰忎負絀虹被鍨嬶紝瀹冭〃紺轟負 '() 錛屽嵆鎷彿閲屼粈涔堥兘娌℃湁鐨勭鍙?br>(null? 5) => #f
(define x 123) 瀹氫箟鍙橀噺x鍏跺間負123
(symbol? x) => #f
(symbol? 'x) => #t ; 姝ゆ椂 'x 涓虹鍙穢錛屽茍涓嶈〃紺哄彉閲弜鐨勫?br>
鍦⊿cheme璇█涓姝や紬澶氱殑綾誨瀷鍒ゆ柇鍔熻兘錛屼嬌寰桽cheme璇█鏈夌潃闈炲父濂界殑鑷渷鍔熻兘銆傚嵆鍦ㄥ垽鏂繃紼嬬殑鍙傛暟鏄惁闄勫悎榪囩▼鐨勮姹傘?/p>
姣旇緝榪愮畻
Scheme璇█涓彲浠ョ敤<錛?gt;錛?lt;=錛?gt;=錛? 鏉ュ垽鏂暟瀛楃被鍨嬪兼垨琛ㄨ揪寮忕殑鍏崇郴錛屽鍒ゆ柇鍙橀噺x鏄惁絳変簬闆訛紝瀹冪殑褰㈠紡鏄繖鏍風殑錛?= x 0) 錛屽x鐨勫間負0鍒欒〃杈懼紡鐨勫間負#t錛屽惁鍒欎負#f銆?/p>
榪樻湁涓嬮潰鐨勬搷浣滐細
(eqv? 34 34) => #t
(= 34 34) => #t
浠ヤ笂涓や釜form鍔熻兘鐩稿悓錛岃鏄?eqv? 涔熷彲浠ョ敤浜庢暟瀛楃殑鍒ゆ柇銆?/p>
鍦⊿cheme璇█涓湁涓夌鐩哥瓑鐨勫畾涔夛紝涓や釜鍙橀噺姝ｅソ鏄悓涓涓璞★紱涓や釜瀵硅薄鍏鋒湁鐩稿悓鐨勫鹼紱涓や釜瀵硅薄鍏鋒湁鐩稿悓鐨勭粨鏋勫茍涓旂粨鏋勪腑鐨勫唴瀹圭浉鍚屻傞櫎浜嗕笂闈㈡彁鍒扮殑絎﹀彿鍒ゆ柇榪囩▼鍜宔qv?澶栵紝榪樻湁eq?鍜宔qual?涔熸槸鍒ゆ柇鏄惁鐩哥瓑鐨勮繃紼嬨?/p>
eq?錛宔qv?錛宔qual?
eq?錛宔qv?鍜宔qual?鏄笁涓垽鏂袱涓弬鏁版槸鍚︾浉絳夌殑榪囩▼錛屽叾涓璭q?鍜宔qv?鐨勫姛鑳藉熀鏈槸鐩稿悓鐨勶紝鍙湪涓嶅悓鐨凷cheme璇█涓〃鐜頒笉涓鏍楓?/p>
eq?鏄垽鏂袱涓弬鏁版槸鍚︽寚鍚戝悓涓涓璞★紝濡傛灉鏄墠榪斿洖#t錛沞qual?鍒欐槸鍒ゆ柇涓や釜瀵硅薄鏄惁鍏鋒湁鐩稿悓鐨勭粨鏋勫茍涓旂粨鏋勪腑鐨勫唴瀹規槸鍚︾浉鍚岋紝瀹冪敤eq?鏉ユ瘮杈冪粨鏋勪腑鎴愬憳鐨勬暟閲忥紱equal?澶氱敤鏉ュ垽鏂偣瀵癸紝鍒楄〃錛屽悜閲忚〃錛屽瓧絎︿覆絳夊鍚堢粨鏋勬暟鎹被鍨嬨?/p>
guile> (define v (vector 3 4 5))
guile> (define w #(3 4 5)) ; w鍜寁閮芥槸vector綾誨瀷錛屽叿鏈夌浉鍚岀殑鍊?(3 4 5)
guile> (eq? v w)
#f ; 姝ゆ椂w鍜寁鏄袱涓璞?br>guile> (equal? v w)
#t ; 絎﹀悎equal?鐨勫垽鏂姹?br>
浠ヤ笂鎿嶄綔璇存槑浜唀q? 鍜宔qual? 鐨勪笉鍚屼箣澶勶紝涓嬮潰鐨勬搷浣滄洿鏄瘉鏄庝簡榪欎竴鐐癸細
guile> (define x (make-vector 5 6))
guile> x
#(6 6 6 6 6)
guile> (eq? x x) ; 鏄悓涓涓璞★紝鎵浠ヨ繑鍥?t
#t
guile> (define z (make-vector 5 6))
guile> z
#(6 6 6 6 6)
guile> (eq? x z) ; 涓嶆槸鍚屼竴涓璞?br>#f
guile> (equal? x z) ; 緇撴瀯鐩稿悓錛屽唴瀹圭浉鍚岋紝鎵浠ヨ繑鍥?t
#t
綆楁湳榪愮畻
Scheme璇█涓殑榪愮畻絎︽湁錛? + , - , * , / 鍜?expt (鎸囨暟榪愮畻) 鍏朵腑 - 鍜?/ 榪樺彲浠ョ敤浜庡崟鐩繍綆楋紝濡傦細
(- 4) => -4
(/ 4) => 1/4
姝ゅ榪樻湁璁稿鎵╁睍鐨勫簱鎻愪緵浜嗗緢澶氭湁鐢ㄧ殑榪囩▼錛?/p>
max 姹傛渶澶?(max 8 89 90 213) => 213
min 姹傛渶灝?(min 3 4 5 6 7) => 3
abs 姹傜粷瀵瑰?(abs -7) ==> 7
闄や簡max錛宮in錛宎bs澶栵紝榪樻湁寰堝鏁板榪愮畻榪囩▼錛岃繖瑕佹牴鎹綘鐢ㄧ殑Scheme璇█鐨勮繍琛岀幆澧冩湁鍏籌紝涓嶈繃瀹冧滑澶у鏄浉鍚岀殑銆傚湪R5RS涓瀹氫簡寰堝榪愮畻榪囩▼錛屽湪R5RS鐨勫弬鑰冭祫鏂欎腑鍙互寰堝鏄撴壘鍒般?/p>
杞崲
Scheme璇█涓敤絎﹀彿緇勫悎"->"鏉ユ爣鏄庣被鍨嬮棿鐨勮漿鎹紙寰堣薄C璇█涓殑鎸囬拡錛夌殑榪囩▼錛屽氨璞＄敤闂彿鏉ユ爣鏄庣被鍨嬪垽鏂繃紼嬩竴鏍楓備笅闈㈡槸涓浜涘父瑙佺殑綾誨瀷杞崲榪囩▼錛?/p>
guile> (number->string 123) ; 鏁板瓧杞崲涓哄瓧絎︿覆
"123"
guile> (string->number "456") ; 瀛楃涓茶漿鎹負鏁板瓧
456
guile> (char->integer #\a) ;瀛楃杞崲涓烘暣鍨嬫暟錛屽皬鍐欏瓧姣峚鐨凙SCII鐮佸間負96
97
guile> (char->integer #\A) ;澶у啓瀛楁瘝A鐨勫間負65
65
guile> (integer->char 97) ;鏁村瀷鏁拌漿鎹負瀛楃
#\a
guile> (string->list "hello") ;瀛楃涓茶漿鎹負鍒楄〃
(#\h #\e #\l #\l #\o)
guile> (list->string (make-list 4 #\a)) ; 鍒楄〃杞崲涓哄瓧絎︿覆
"aaaa"
guile> (string->symbol "good") ;瀛楃涓茶漿鎹負絎﹀彿綾誨瀷
good
guile> (symbol->string 'better) ;絎﹀彿綾誨瀷杞崲涓哄瓧絎︿覆
"better"
浜旓紟榪囩▼瀹氫箟
榪囩▼錛圥rocedure錛?/h2>
鍦⊿cheme璇█涓紝榪囩▼鐩稿綋浜嶤璇█涓殑鍑芥暟錛屼笉鍚岀殑鏄疭cheme璇█榪囩▼鏄竴縐嶆暟鎹被鍨嬶紝榪欎篃鏄負浠涔圫cheme璇█灝嗙▼搴忓拰鏁版嵁浣滀負鍚屼竴瀵硅薄澶勭悊鐨勫師鍥犮傚鏋滄垜浠湪Guile鎻愮ず絎︿笅杈撳叆鍔犲彿鐒跺悗鍥炶濺錛屼細鍑虹幇涓嬮潰鐨勬儏鍐碉細
guile> +
#<primitive-procedure +>
榪欏憡璇夋垜浠?+"鏄竴涓繃紼嬶紝鑰屼笖鏄竴涓師濮嬬殑榪囩▼錛屽嵆Scheme璇█涓渶鍩虹鐨勮繃紼嬶紝鍦℅UILE涓唴閮ㄥ凡緇忓疄鐜扮殑榪囩▼錛岃繖鍜岀被鍨嬪垽鏂竴鏍鳳紝濡? boolean?絳夛紝瀹冧滑閮芥槸Scheme璇█涓渶鍩烘湰鐨勫畾涔夈傛敞鎰忥細涓嶅悓鐨凷cheme璇█瀹炵幇鐜錛屽嚭鐜扮殑鎻愮ず淇℃伅鍙兘涓嶅敖鐩稿悓錛屼絾鎰忎箟鏄竴鏍風殑銆?/p>
define涓嶄粎鍙互瀹氫箟鍙橀噺錛岃繕鍙互瀹氫箟榪囩▼錛屽洜鍦⊿cheme璇█涓繃紼嬶紙鎴栧嚱鏁幫級閮芥槸涓縐嶆暟鎹被鍨嬶紝鎵浠ラ兘鍙互閫氳繃define鏉ュ畾涔夈備笉鍚岀殑鏄爣鍑嗙殑榪囩▼瀹氫箟瑕佷嬌鐢╨ambda榪欎竴鍏抽敭瀛楁潵鏍囪瘑銆?/p>
Lambda鍏抽敭瀛?/h2>
Scheme璇█涓彲浠ョ敤lambda鏉ュ畾涔夎繃紼嬶紝鍏舵牸寮忓涓嬶細 (define 榪囩▼鍚?( lambda (鍙傛暟 ...) (鎿嶄綔榪囩▼ ...)))
鎴戜滑鍙互鑷畾涔変竴涓畝鍗曠殑榪囩▼錛屽涓嬶細
- ::
- (define add5 (lambda (x) (+ x 5)))
姝よ繃紼嬮渶瑕佷竴涓弬鏁幫紝鍏跺姛鑳戒負榪斿洖姝ゅ弬鏁板姞5 鐨勫鹼紝濡傦細
(add5 11) => 16
涓嬮潰鏄畝鍗曠殑姹傚鉤鏂硅繃紼媠quare鐨勫畾涔夛細
(define square (lambda (x) (* x x)))
涓巐ambda鐩稿悓鐨勫彟涓縐嶆柟寮?/h2>
鍦⊿cheme璇█涓紝涔熷彲浠ヤ笉鐢╨ambda錛岃岀洿鎺ョ敤define鏉ュ畾涔夎繃紼嬶紝瀹冪殑鏍煎紡涓猴細 (define (榪囩▼鍚?鍙傛暟) (榪囩▼鍐呭 …))
濡備笅闈㈡搷浣滐細
(define (add6 x) (+ x 6))
add6
#<procedure: add6 (x)> 璇存槑add6鏄竴涓繃紼嬶紝瀹冩湁涓涓弬鏁皒
(add6 23) => 29
鍐嶇湅涓嬮潰鐨勬搷浣滐細
guile> (define fun
(lambda(proc x y)
(proc x y)))
guile> fun
#<procedure fun (proc x y)>
guile> (fun * 5 6)
30
guile> (fun / 30 3)
10
鏇村鐨勮繃紼嬪畾涔?/h2>
涓婇潰瀹氫箟鐨勮繃紼媐un鏈変笁涓弬鏁幫紝鍏朵腑絎竴涓弬鏁皃roc涔熸槸涓涓搷浣滆繃紼嬶紙鍥犱負鍦⊿cheme璇█涓繃紼嬩篃鏄竴縐嶆暟鎹紝鍙互浣滀負榪囩▼鐨勫弬鏁幫級錛屽彟澶栦袱涓弬鏁版槸鏁板鹼紝鎵浠ヤ細鍑虹幇涓婇潰鐨勮皟鐢ㄧ粨鏋溿?/p>
guile> (define add
(lambda (x y)
(+ x y)))
guile> add
#<procedure add (x y)>
guile> (fun add 100 200)
300
緇х畫涓婇潰鎿嶄綔錛屾垜浠畾涔変竴涓繃紼媋dd錛屽皢add浣滀負鍙傛暟浼犻掔粰fun榪囩▼錛屽緱鍑哄拰(fun + 100 200)鐩稿悓鐨勭粨鏋溿?/p>
guile> ((lambda (x) (+ x x)) 5)
10
涓婇潰鐨?(lambda(x) (+ x x)) 浜嬪疄涓婃槸綆鍗曠殑榪囩▼瀹氫箟錛屽湪鍚庨潰鐩存帴鍔犱笂鎿嶄綔鍙傛暟5錛屽緱鍑虹粨鏋?0錛岃繖鏍峰疄鐜頒簡鍖垮悕榪囩▼錛岀洿鎺ョ敤榪囩▼瀹氫箟鏉ユ搷浣滃弬鏁幫紝寰楀嚭榪愮畻緇撴灉銆?/p>
閫氳繃涓婇潰鐨勬搷浣滐紝鐩鎬俊浣犲凡鍒濇浜嗚В浜嗚繃紼嬬殑鐢ㄦ硶銆傛棦鐒惰繃紼嬫槸涓縐嶆暟鎹被鍨嬶紝鎵浠ュ皢榪囩▼浣滀負榪囩▼鐨勫弬鏁版槸瀹屽叏鍙互鐨勩備互涓嬭繃紼嬩負鍒ゆ柇鍙傛暟鏄惁涓鴻繃紼嬶紝緇欏嚭涓涓弬鏁幫紝鐢?procedure? 鏉ュ垽鏂弬鏁版槸鍚︿負榪囩▼錛岄噰鐢╥f緇撴瀯錛堝叧浜巌f緇撴瀯瑙佷笅闈㈢殑浠嬬粛錛夛細
guile> (define isp
(lambda (x)
(if (procedure? x) 'isaprocedure 'notaprocedure)))
guile> isp
#<procedure isp (x)>
guile> (isp 0)
notaprocedure
guile> (isp +)
isaprocedure
涓婇潰鐨勮繃紼嬪氨浣撶幇浜哠cheme璇█鐨勫弬鏁拌嚜鐪侊紙杈ㄥ埆錛夎兘鍔涳紝'0'鏄暟瀛楀瀷錛屾墍浠ヨ繑鍥瀗otaprocedure錛涜?+'鏄竴涓渶鍩虹鐨勬搷浣滆繃紼嬶紝鎵浠ヨ繑鍥瀒saprocedure銆?/p>
榪囩▼鐨勫祵濂楀畾涔?/h2>
鍦⊿cheme璇█涓紝榪囩▼瀹氫箟涔熷彲浠ュ祵濂楋紝涓鑸儏鍐典笅錛岃繃紼嬬殑鍐呴儴榪囩▼瀹氫箟鍙湁鍦ㄨ繃紼嬪唴閮ㄦ墠鏈夋晥錛岀浉褰揅璇█涓殑灞閮ㄥ彉閲忋?/p>
濡備笅闈㈢殑浠ｇ爜鐨勬渶緇堢粨鏋滄槸50錛?/p>
(define fix
(lambda (x y z)
(define add
(lambda (a b) (+ a b)))
(- x (add y z))))
(display (fix 100 20 30))
姝ゆ椂榪囩▼add鍙湪fix榪囩▼鍐呴儴璧峰仛鐢紝榪欎簨瀹炰笂娑夊強浜嗚繃紼嬪拰鍙橀噺鐨勭粦瀹氾紝鍙互鍙傝冧笅闈㈢殑鍏充簬榪囩▼緇戝畾錛坙et錛宭et* 鍜宭etrec錛夌殑浠嬬粛銆?/p>
榪囩▼鏄垵瀛﹁呴毦鐞嗚В鐨勪竴涓叧閿紝闅忕潃榪囩▼鍙傛暟鐨勫鍔犲拰鍔熻兘鐨勫寮猴紝榪囩▼鐨勫唴瀹瑰彉寰楄秺鏉ヨ秺澶嶆潅錛屽皬鎷彿涔熶細鏇村錛屽鏋滀笉鍐欏嚭娓呮櫚鐨勪唬鐮佺殑璇濓紝璇諱唬鐮佷篃浼氭垚涓轟竴涓毦棰樸?/p>
鐔熸倝浜?scheme 鍩烘湰姒傚康銆佹暟鎹被鍨嬪拰榪囩▼錛堝嚱鏁幫級鍚庯紝 涓嬩竴閮ㄥ垎鎴戜滑鏉ュ涔?scheme 鐨勭粨鏋勩侀掑綊璋冪敤鍜屽叾浠栨墿灞曞姛鑳姐?/p>
鍏紟甯哥敤緇撴瀯
欏哄簭緇撴瀯
涔熷彲浠ヨ鎴愮敱澶氫釜form緇勬垚鐨刦orm錛岀敤begin鏉ュ皢澶氫釜form鏀懼湪涓瀵瑰皬鎷彿鍐咃紝鏈緇堝艦鎴愪竴涓猣orm銆傛牸寮忎負錛?begin form1 form2 …)
濡傜敤Scheme璇█鍐欐垚鐨勭粡鍏哥殑helloworld紼嬪簭鏄涓嬫牱瀛愮殑錛?/p>
(begin
(display "Hello world!") ; 杈撳嚭"Hello world!"
(newline)) ; 鎹㈣
if緇撴瀯
Scheme璇█鐨刬f緇撴瀯鏈変袱縐嶆牸寮忥紝涓縐嶆牸寮忎負錛?if 嫻嬭瘯 榪囩▼1 榪囩▼2)錛屽嵆嫻嬭瘯鏉′歡鎴愮珛鍒欐墽琛岃繃紼?錛屽惁鍒欐墽琛岃繃紼?銆備緥濡備笅闈唬鐮侊細
(if (= x 0)
(display "is zero")
(display "not zero"))
榪樻湁鍙︿竴縐嶆牸寮忥細(if 嫻嬭瘯 榪囩▼) 錛屽嵆嫻嬭瘯鏉′歡鎴愮珛鍒欐墽琛岃繃紼嬨備緥濡備笅闈唬鐮侊細
(if (< x 100) (display "lower than 100"))
鏍規嵁綾誨瀷鍒ゆ柇鏉ュ疄鐜拌嚜鐪佸姛鑳斤紝涓嬮潰浠ｇ爜鍒ゆ柇緇欏畾鐨勫弬鏁版槸鍚︿負瀛楃涓詫細
(define fun
(lambda ( x )
(if (string? x)
(display "is a string")
(display "not a string"))))
濡傛墽琛?(fun 123) 鍒欒繑鍥炲間負"not a string"錛岃繖鏍風殑鍔熻兘鍦–++鎴朖AVA涓疄鐜扮殑璇濆彲鑳戒細寰堣垂鍔涙皵銆?/p>
cond緇撴瀯
Scheme璇█涓殑cond緇撴瀯綾諱技浜嶤璇█涓殑switch緇撴瀯錛宑ond鐨勬牸寮忎負錛?/p>
(cond ((嫻嬭瘯) 鎿嶄綔) … (else 鎿嶄綔))
濡備笅鏄湪Guile涓殑鎿嶄綔錛?/p>
guile> (define w (lambda (x)
(cond ((< x 0) 'lower)
((> x 0) 'upper)
(else 'equal))))
guile> w
#<procedure w (x)>
guile> (w 9)
upper
guile> (w -8)
lower
guile> (w 0)
equal
涓婇潰紼嬪簭浠ｇ爜涓紝鎴戜滑瀹氫箟浜嗚繃紼媤錛屽畠鏈変竴涓弬鏁皒錛屽鏋渪鐨勫煎ぇ浜?錛屽垯榪斿洖絎﹀彿upper錛屽x鐨勫煎皬浜?鍒欒繑鍥炵鍙穕ower錛屽x 鐨勫間負0鍒欒繑鍥炵鍙積qual銆?/p>
涓嬭澆宸插仛鎴愬彲鎵ц鑴氭湰鐨?渚嬬▼銆?/p>
cond鍙互鐢╥f褰㈠紡鏉ュ啓錛屼笂闈㈢殑榪囩▼鍙互濡備笅瀹氫箟錛?/p>
guile> (define ff
(lambda (x)
(if (< x 0) 'lower
(if (> x 0) 'upper 'zero))))
guile> ff
#<procedure ff (x)>
guile> (ff 9)
upper
guile> (ff -9)
lower
guile> (ff 0)
zero
榪欏湪鍔熻兘涓婃槸鍜宑ond涓鏍風殑錛屽彲浠ョ湅鍑篶ond瀹為檯涓婃槸瀹炵幇浜唅f鐨勪竴縐嶅閲嶅祵濂椼?/p>
case緇撴瀯
case緇撴瀯鍜宑ond緇撴瀯鏈夌偣綾諱技錛屽畠鐨勬牸寮忎負錛?/p>
(case (琛ㄨ揪寮? ((鍊? 鎿嶄綔)) ... (else 鎿嶄綔)))
case緇撴瀯涓殑鍊煎彲浠ユ槸澶嶅悎綾誨瀷鏁版嵁錛屽鍒楄〃錛屽悜閲忚〃絳夛紝鍙鍒楄〃涓惈鏈夎〃杈懼紡鐨勮繖涓粨鏋滐紝鍒欒繘琛岀浉搴旂殑鎿嶄綔錛屽涓嬮潰鐨勪唬鐮侊細
(case (* 2 3)
((2 3 5 7) 'prime)
((1 4 6 8 9) 'composite))
涓婇潰鐨勪緥瀛愯繑鍥炵粨鏋滄槸composite錛屽洜涓哄垪琛?1 4 6 8 9)涓惈鏈夎〃杈懼紡(* 2 3)鐨勭粨鏋?錛涗笅闈㈡槸鍦℅uile涓畾涔夌殑func榪囩▼錛岀敤鍒頒簡case緇撴瀯錛?/p>
guile> (define func
(lambda (x y)
(case (* x y)
((0) 'zero)
(else 'nozero))))
guile> func
#<procedure func (x y)>
guile> (func 2 3)
nozero
guile> (func 2 0)
zero
guile> (func 0 9)
zero
guile> (func 2 9)
nozero
鍙互涓嬭澆鍙︿竴涓剼鏈枃浠?te.scm錛屽弬鑰冧竴涓嬨?/p>
and緇撴瀯
and緇撴瀯涓庨昏緫涓庤繍綆楁搷浣滅被浼鹼紝and鍚庡彲浠ユ湁澶氫釜鍙傛暟錛屽彧鏈夊畠鍚庨潰鐨勫弬鏁扮殑琛ㄨ揪寮忕殑鍊奸兘涓?t鏃訛紝瀹冪殑榪斿洖鍊兼墠涓?t錛屽惁鍒欎負#f銆傜湅涓嬮潰鐨勬搷浣滐細
guile> (and (boolean? #f) (< 8 12))
#t
guile> (and (boolean? 2) (< 8 12))
#f
guile> (and (boolean? 2) (> 8 12))
#f
濡傛灉琛ㄨ揪寮忕殑鍊奸兘涓嶆槸boolean鍨嬬殑璇濓紝榪斿洖鏈鍚庝竴涓〃杈懼紡鐨勫鹼紝濡備笅闈㈢殑鎿嶄綔錛?/p>
guile> (and (list 1 2 3) (vector 'a 'b 'c))
#(a b c)
guile> (and 1 2 3 4 )
4
guile> (and 'e 'd 'c 'b 'a)
a
or緇撴瀯
or緇撴瀯涓庨昏緫鎴栬繍綆楁搷浣滅被浼鹼紝or鍚庡彲浠ユ湁澶氫釜鍙傛暟錛屽彧瑕佸叾涓湁涓涓弬鏁扮殑琛ㄨ揪寮忓間負#t錛屽叾緇撴灉灝變負#t錛屽彧鏈夊叏涓?f鏃跺叾緇撴灉鎵嶄負#f銆傚涓嬮潰鐨勬搷浣滐細
guile> (or #f #t)
#t
guile> (or #f #f)
#f
guile> (or (rational? 22/7) (< 8 12))
#t
guile> (rational? 22/7)
#t
guile> (real? 22/7)
#t
guile> (or (real? 4+5i) (integer? 3.22))
#f
鎴戜滑榪樺彲浠ョ敤and鍜宱r緇撴瀯鏉ュ疄鐜拌緝澶嶆潅鐨勫垽鏂〃杈懼紡錛屽鍦–璇█涓殑琛ㄨ揪寮忥細
((x > 100) && (y < 100)) 鍜?((x > 100) || (y > 100))
鍦⊿cheme涓彲浠ヨ〃紺轟負錛?/p>
guile> (define x 123)
guile> (define y 80)
guile> (and (> x 100) (< y 100))
#t
guile> (or (> x 100) (> y 100))
#t
Scheme璇█涓彧鏈塱f緇撴瀯鏄郴緇熷師濮嬫彁渚涚殑錛屽叾瀹冪殑cond錛宑ase錛宎nd錛宱r錛屽彟澶栬繕鏈塪o錛寃hen錛寀nless絳夐兘鏄彲浠ョ敤瀹忓畾涔夌殑鏂瑰紡鏉ュ畾涔夌殑錛岃繖涓鐐瑰厖鍒嗕綋鐜頒簡Scheme鐨勫厓璇█鐗規э紝鍏充簬do錛寃hen絳夌粨鏋勭殑浣跨敤鍙互鍙傝僐5RS銆?/p>
涓冿紟閫掑綊璋冪敤
鐢ㄩ掑綊瀹炵幇闃朵箻
鍦⊿cheme璇█涓紝閫掑綊鏄竴涓潪甯擱噸瑕佺殑姒傚康錛屽彲浠ョ紪鍐欑畝鍗曠殑浠ｇ爜寰堣交鏉劇殑瀹炵幇閫掑綊璋冪敤錛屽涓嬮潰鐨勯樁涔樿繃紼嬪畾涔夛細
(define factoral (lambda (x)
(if (<= x 1) 1
(* x (factoral (- x 1))))))
鎴戜滑鍙互灝嗕笅闈㈢殑璋冪敤(factoral 4)錛屽嵆4鐨勯樁涔樼殑榪愮畻榪囩▼鍥劇ず濡備笅錛?/p>
浠ヤ笅涓篺actoral榪囩▼鍦℅uile涓殑榪愯鎯呭喌錛?/p>
guile> (define factoral (lambda (x) (if (<= x 1) 1 (* x (factoral (- x 1))))))
guile> factoral
#<procedure factoral (x)>
guile> (factoral 4)
24
鍙︿竴縐嶉掑綊鏂瑰紡
涓嬮潰鏄竴鍙︿竴縐嶉掑綊鏂瑰紡鐨勫畾涔夛細
(define (factoral n)
(define (iter product counter)
(if (> counter n)
product
(iter (* counter product) (+ counter 1))))
(iter 1 1))
(display (factoral 4))
榪欎釜瀹氫箟鐨勫姛鑳藉拰涓婇潰鐨勫畬鍏ㄧ浉鍚岋紝鍙槸瀹炵幇鐨勬柟娉曚笉涓鏍蜂簡錛屾垜浠湪榪囩▼鍐呴儴瀹炵幇浜嗕竴涓繃紼媔ter錛屽畠鐢╟ounter鍙傛暟鏉ヨ鏁幫紝璋冪敤鏃朵粠1寮濮嬬瘡璁★紝榪欐牱瀹冪殑灞曞紑榪囩▼姝ｅソ鍜屾垜浠笂闈㈢殑閫掑綊榪囩▼鐨勪粠4鍒?鐩稿弽錛岃屾槸浠?鍒?銆?/p>
寰幆鐨勫疄鐜?/h2>
鍦⊿cheme璇█涓病鏈夊驚鐜粨鏋勶紝涓嶈繃寰幆緇撴瀯鍙互鐢ㄩ掑綊鏉ュ緢杞繪澗鐨勫疄鐜幫紙鍦⊿cheme璇█涓彧鏈夐氳繃閫掑綊鎵嶈兘瀹炵幇寰幆錛夈傚浜庣敤鎯簡C璇█寰幆鐨勬湅鍙嬶紝鍦⊿cheme涓彲浠ョ敤閫掑綊綆鍗曞疄鐜幫細
guile> (define loop
(lambda(x y)
(if (<= x y)
(begin (display x) (display #\\space) (set! x (+ x 1))
(loop x y)))))
guile> loop
#<procedure loop (x y)>
guile> (loop 1 10)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
榪欏彧鏄竴縐嶇畝鍗曠殑寰幆瀹氫箟錛岃繃紼嬫湁涓や釜鍙傛暟錛岀涓涓弬鏁版槸寰幆鐨勫垵濮嬪鹼紝絎簩涓弬鏁版槸寰幆緇堟鍊鹼紝姣忔澧炲姞1銆傜浉淇¤鑰呮湅鍙嬩竴瀹氫細鍐欏嚭鏇存紓浜洿瀹炵敤鐨勫驚鐜搷浣滄潵鐨勩?/p>
鍏紟鍙橀噺鍜岃繃紼嬬殑緇戝畾
let錛宭et*錛宭etrec
鍦ㄥ鏁扮紪紼嬭璦涓兘鏈夊叧浜庡彉閲忕殑瀛樺湪鐨勬椂闄愰棶棰橈紝Scheme璇█涓敤let錛宭et*鍜宭etrec鏉ョ‘瀹氬彉閲忕殑瀛樺湪鐨勬椂闄愰棶棰橈紝鍗沖眬閮ㄥ彉閲忓拰鍏ㄥ眬鍙橀噺錛屼竴鑸儏鍐典笅錛屽叏灞鍙橀噺閮界敤define鏉ュ畾涔夛紝騫舵斁鍦ㄨ繃紼嬩唬鐮佺殑澶栭儴錛涜屽眬閮ㄥ彉閲忓垯鐢╨et絳夌粦瀹氬埌榪囩▼鍐呴儴浣跨敤銆?/p>
鐢╨et鍙互灝嗗彉閲忔垨榪囩▼緇戝畾鍦ㄨ繃紼嬬殑鍐呴儴錛屽嵆瀹炵幇灞閮ㄥ彉閲忥細
guile> let
#<primitive-macro! let>
浠庝笂闈㈢殑鎿嶄綔鍙互鐪嬪嚭let鏄竴涓師濮嬬殑瀹忥紝鍗砱uile鍐呴儴宸茬粡瀹炵幇鐨勫畯瀹氫箟銆?/p>
涓嬮潰鐨勪唬鐮佹樉紺轟簡let鐨勭敤娉曪紙娉ㄦ剰澶氫簡涓灞傛嫭鍙鳳級錛?/p>
guile> (let ((x 2) (y 5)) (* x y))
10
瀹冪殑鏍煎紡鏄細(let ((…)…) …)錛屼笅闈㈡槸紼嶅鏉傜殑鐢ㄦ硶錛?/p>
guile> (let ((x 5))
(define foo (lambda (y) (bar x y)))
(define bar (lambda (a b) (+ (* a b) a)))
(foo (+ x 3)))
45
浠ヤ笂鏄疓uile涓殑浠ｇ爜瀹炵幇鎯呭喌銆傚畠鐨勫疄鐜拌繃紼嬪ぇ鑷存槸錛?foo 8) 灞曞紑鍚庡艦鎴?(bar 5 8)錛屽啀灞曞紑鍚庡艦鎴?(+ (* 5 8) 5) 錛屾渶鍚庡叾鍊間負45銆?/p>
鍐嶇湅涓嬮潰鐨勬搷浣滐細
guile> (let ((iszero?
(lambda(x)
(if (= x 0) #t #f))))
(iszero? 9))
#f
guile> (iszero? 0) ;姝ゆ椂浼氭樉紺哄嚭閿欎俊鎭?br>
let鐨勭粦瀹氬湪榪囩▼鍐呮湁鏁堬紝榪囩▼澶栧垯鏃犳晥錛岃繖鍜屼笂闈㈡彁鍒扮殑榪囩▼鐨勫祵濂楀畾鏄竴鏍風殑錛屼笂闈㈢殑iszero?榪囩▼鍦ㄦ搷浣滆繃紼嬪唴瀹氫箟騫朵嬌鐢ㄧ殑錛屾搷浣滅粨鏉熷悗鍐嶅彟琛屽紩鐢ㄥ垯鏃犳晥錛屾樉紺鴻繃紼嬫湭瀹氫箟鍑洪敊淇℃伅銆?/p>
涓嬮潰鎿嶄綔婕旂ず浜唋et*鐨勭敤娉曪細
guile> (let ((x 2) (y 5))
(let* ((x 6)(z (+ x y))) ;姝ゆ椂x鐨勫煎凡涓?錛屾墍浠鐨勫煎簲涓?1錛屽姝ゆ渶鍚庣殑鍊間負66
(* z x)))
66
榪樻湁letrec錛岀湅涓嬮潰鐨勬搷浣滆繃紼嬶細
guile> (letrec ((even?
(lambda(x)
(if (= x 0) #t
(odd? (- x 1)))))
(odd?
(lambda(x)
(if (= x 0) #f
(even? (- x 1))))))
(even? 88))
#t
涓婇潰鐨勬搷浣滆繃紼嬩腑錛屽唴閮ㄥ畾涔変簡涓や釜鍒ゆ柇榪囩▼even?鍜宱dd?錛岃繖涓や釜榪囩▼鏄簰鐩擱掑綊寮曠敤鐨勶紝濡傛灉灝唋etrec鎹㈡垚let鎴杔et*閮戒細涓嶆甯革紝鍥犱負letrec鏄皢鍐呴儴瀹氫箟鐨勮繃紼嬫垨鍙橀噺闂磋繘琛岀浉浜掑紩鐢ㄧ殑銆傜湅涓嬮潰鐨勬搷浣滐細
guile> (letrec ((countdown
(lambda (i)
(if (= i 0) 'listoff
(begin (display i) (display ",")
(countdown (- i 1)))))))
(countdown 10))
10,9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1,listoff
letrec甯姪灞閮ㄨ繃紼嬪疄鐜伴掑綊鐨勬搷浣滐紝榪欎笉浠呭湪letrec緇戝畾鐨勮繃紼嬪唴錛岃屼笖榪樺寘鎷墍鏈夊垵濮嬪寲鐨勪笢瑗匡紝榪欎嬌寰楀湪緙栧啓杈冨鏉傜殑榪囩▼涓粡甯哥敤鍒發etrec錛屼篃鎴愪簡鐞嗚В瀹冪殑涓涓毦鐐廣?/p>
apply
apply鐨勫姛鑳芥槸涓烘暟鎹祴浜堟煇涓鎿嶄綔榪囩▼錛屽畠鐨勭涓涓弬鏁板繀闇鏄竴涓繃紼嬶紝闅忓悗鐨勫叾瀹冨弬鏁板繀闇鏄垪琛紝濡傦細
guile> (apply + (list 2 3 4))
9
guile> (define sum
(lambda (x )
(apply + x))) ; 瀹氫箟姹傚拰榪囩▼
guile> sum
#<procedure sum (x)>
guile> (define ls (list 2 3 4 5 6))
guile> ls
(2 3 4 5 6)
guile> (sum ls)
20
guile> (define avg
(lambda(x)
(/ (sum x) (length x)))) ; 瀹氫箟姹傚鉤鍧囪繃紼?br>guile> avg
#<procedure avg (x)>
guile> (avg ls)
4
浠ヤ笂瀹氫箟浜嗘眰鍜岃繃紼媠um鍜屾眰騫沖潎鐨勮繃紼媋vg錛屽叾涓眰鍜岀殑榪囩▼sum涓敤鍒頒簡apply鏉ョ粦瀹?+"榪囩▼鎿嶄綔鍒板垪琛紝緇撴灉榪斿洖鍒楄〃涓墍鏈夋暟鐨勬誨拰銆?/p>
map
map鐨勫姛鑳藉拰apply鏈変簺鐩鎬技錛屽畠鐨勭涓涓弬鏁頒篃蹇呴渶鏄竴涓繃紼嬶紝闅忓悗鐨勫弬鏁板繀闇鏄涓垪琛紝榪斿洖鐨勭粨鏋滄槸姝よ繃紼嬫潵鎿嶄綔鍒楄〃鍚庣殑鍊鹼紝濡備笅闈㈢殑鎿嶄綔錛?/p>
guile> (map + (list 1 2 3) (list 4 5 6))
(5 7 9)
guile> (map car '((a . b)(c . d)(e . f)))
(a c e)
闄や簡apply錛宮ap浠ュ錛孲cheme璇█涓繕鏈夊緢澶氾紝璇稿錛歟val錛宒elay錛宖or-each錛宖orce錛宑all-with- current- continuation絳夎繃紼嬬粦瀹氱殑鎿嶄綔瀹氫箟錛屽畠浠兘鏃犱竴渚嬪鐨勬彁渚涗簡鐩稿綋鐏墊椿鐨勬暟鎹鐞嗚兘鍔涳紝涔熷氨鏄彟鍒濆鑰呮湜鑰岀敓鐣忕殑綆楁硶錛屽綋浣犱粩緇嗙殑浣撲細浜嗚繍綆楄繃 紼嬩腑鐢ㄥ埌鐨勭畝鐩村涓嶅彲璦鐨勭畻娉曞悗錛屼綘灝變細鍙戠幇Scheme璇█璁捐鑰呯殑鎬濇兂鏄涔堜紵澶с?/p>
涔濓紟杈撳叆杈撳嚭
Scheme璇█涓篃鎻愪緵浜嗙浉搴旂殑杈撳叆杈撳嚭鍔熻兘錛屾槸鍦–鍩虹涓婄殑涓縐嶅皝瑁呫?/p>
绔彛
Scheme璇█涓緭鍏ヨ緭鍑轟腑鐢ㄥ埌浜嗙鍙ｇ殑姒傚康錛岀浉褰撲簬C涓殑鏂囦歡鎸囬拡錛屼篃灝辨槸Linux涓殑璁懼鏂囦歡錛岃鐪嬩笅闈㈢殑鎿嶄綔錛?/p>
guile> (current-input-port)
#<input: standard input /dev/pts/0> ;褰撳墠鐨勮緭鍏ョ鍙?br>guile> (current-output-port)
#<output: standard output /dev/pts/0> ;褰撳墠鐨勮緭鍑虹鍙?br>
鍒ゆ柇鏄惁涓鴻緭鍏ヨ緭鍑虹鍙ｏ紝鍙互鐢ㄤ笅闈袱涓繃紼嬶細input-port? 鍜宱utput-port? 錛屽叾涓璱nput-port?鐢ㄦ潵鍒ゆ柇鏄惁涓鴻緭鍏ョ鍙ｏ紝output-port?鐢ㄦ潵鍒ゆ柇鏄惁涓鴻緭鍑虹鍙ｃ?/p>
open-input-file錛宱pen-output-file錛宑lose-input-port錛宑lose-output-port榪欏洓涓繃紼嬬敤鏉ユ墦寮鍜屽叧闂緭鍏ヨ緭鍑烘枃浠訛紝鍏朵腑鎵撳紑鏂囦歡鐨勫弬鏁版槸鏂囦歡鍚嶅瓧絎︿覆錛屽叧闂枃浠剁殑鍙傛暟鏄墦寮鐨勭鍙ｃ?/p>
杈撳叆
鎵撳紑涓涓緭鍏ユ枃浠跺悗錛岃繑鍥炵殑鏄緭鍏ョ鍙ｏ紝鍙互鐢╮ead榪囩▼鏉ヨ緭鍏ユ枃浠剁殑鍐呭錛?/p>
guile> (define port (open-input-file "readme"))
guile> port
#<input: readme 4>
guile> (read port)
GUILE璇█
涓婇潰鐨勬搷浣滄墦寮浜唕eadme鏂囦歡錛屽茍璇誨嚭浜嗗畠鐨勭涓琛屽唴瀹廣傛澶栬繕鍙互鐩存帴鐢╮ead榪囩▼鏉ユ帴鏀墮敭鐩樿緭鍏ワ紝濡備笅闈㈢殑鎿嶄綔錛?/p>
guile> (read) ; 鎵ц鍚庡嵆絳夊緟閿洏杈撳叆
12345
12345
guile> (define x (read)) ; 絳夊緟閿洏杈撳叆騫惰祴鍊肩粰x
12345
guile> x
12345
浠ヤ笂涓虹敤read鏉ヨ鍙栭敭鍏ョ殑鏁板瓧錛岃繕鍙互杈撳叆瀛楃涓茬瓑鍏跺畠綾誨瀷鏁版嵁錛?/p>
guile> (define name (read))
tomson
guile> name
tomson
guile> (string? name)
#f
guile> (symbol? name)
#t
姝ゆ椂杈撳叆鐨則omson鏄竴涓鍙風被鍨嬶紝鍥犱負瀛楃涓叉槸鐢ㄥ紩鍙峰紩璧鋒潵鐨勶紝鎵浠ュ嚭鐜頒笂闈㈢殑鎯呭喌銆備笅闈㈠洜涓虹敤寮曞彿浜嗭紝鎵浠?string? str)榪斿洖鍊間負#t 銆?/p>
guile> (define str (read))
"Johnson"
guile> str
"Johnson"
guile> (string? str)
#t
榪樺彲浠ョ敤load榪囩▼鏉ョ洿鎺ヨ皟鐢⊿cheme璇█婧愭枃浠跺茍鎵ц瀹冿紝鏍煎紡涓猴細(load "filename")錛岃繕鏈塺ead-char榪囩▼鏉ヨ鍗曚釜瀛楃絳夌瓑銆?/p>
杈撳嚭
甯哥敤鐨勮緭鍑鴻繃紼嬫槸display錛岃繕鏈墂rite錛屽畠鐨勬牸寮忔槸錛?write 瀵硅薄 绔彛)錛岃繖閲岀殑瀵硅薄鏄寚瀛楃涓茬瓑甯擱噺鎴栧彉閲忥紝绔彛鏄寚杈撳嚭绔彛鎴栨墦寮鐨勬枃浠躲備笅闈㈢殑鎿嶄綔榪囩▼婕旂ず浜嗗悜杈撳嚭鏂囦歡temp涓啓鍏ュ瓧絎︿覆"helloworld"錛屽茍鍒嗚鐨勫疄鐜般?/p>
[root@toymouse test]# guile
guile> (define port1 (open-output-file "temp")) ; 鎵撳紑鏂囦歡绔彛璧嬩簬port1
guile> port1
#<output: temp 3>
guile> (output-port? port1)
#t ; 姝ゆ椂璇佹槑port1涓鴻緭鍑虹鍙?br>guile> (write "hello\\nworld" port1)
guile> (close-output-port port1)
guile> (exit) ; 鍐欏叆鏁版嵁騫跺叧闂鍑?br>[root@toymouse test]# more temp 鏄劇ず鏂囦歡鐨勫唴瀹癸紝杈懼埌嫻嬭瘯鐩殑
"hello
world"
鍦ㄨ緭鍏ヨ緭鍑烘搷浣滄柟闈紝榪樻湁寰堝鐩稿叧鎿嶄綔錛岃鑰呭彲浠ュ弬鑰僐5RS鐨勬枃妗ｃ?/p>
鍗侊紟璇硶鎵╁睍
Scheme璇█鍙互鑷繁瀹氫箟璞ond錛宭et絳夊姛鑳戒竴鏍風殑瀹忓叧閿瓧銆傛爣鍑嗙殑Scheme璇█瀹氫箟涓敤define-syntax鍜宻yntax-rules鏉ュ畾涔夛紝瀹冪殑鏍煎紡濡備笅錛?/p>
(define-syntax 瀹忓悕
(syntax-rules()
((妯℃澘) 鎿嶄綔))
. . . ))
涓嬮潰瀹氫箟鐨勫畯start鐨勫姛鑳藉拰begin鐩稿悓錛屽彲浠ョ敤瀹冩潵寮濮嬪涓潡鐨勭粍鍚堬細
(define-syntax start
(syntax-rules ()
((start exp1)
exp1)
((start exp1 exp2 ...)
(let ((temp exp1)) (start exp2 ...))) ))
榪欐槸涓涓瘮杈冪畝鍗曠殑瀹忓畾涔夛紝浣嗗鐞嗚В瀹忓畾涔夋潵璇存槸姣旇緝閲嶈鐨勶紝鐞嗚В浜嗕粬浣犳墠浼氳繘涓姝ュ簲鐢ㄥ畯瀹氫箟銆傚湪瑙勫垯 ((start exp1) exp1) 涓紝(start exp1) 鏄竴涓弬鏁版椂鐨勬ā鏉匡紝exp1鏄浣曞鐞嗭紝涔熷氨鏄師鏍鋒惉鍑猴紝涓嶅仛澶勭悊銆傝繖鏍?(start form1) 鍜? (form1) 鐨勫姛鑳藉氨鐩稿悓浜嗐?/p>
鍦ㄨ鍒?((start exp1 exp2 ...) (let ((temp exp1)) (start exp2 ...))) 涓紝(start exp1 exp2 …) 鏄涓弬鏁版椂鐨勬ā鏉匡紝棣栧厛鐢╨et鏉ョ粦瀹氬眬閮ㄥ彉閲弔emp涓篹xp1錛岀劧鍚庣敤閫掑綊瀹炵幇澶勭悊澶氫釜鍙傛暟錛屾敞鎰忚繖閲岃鐨勬槸瀹忓畾涔変腑鐨勯掑綊錛屽茍涓嶆槸榪囩▼璋冪敤涓殑閫? 褰掋傚彟澶栧湪瀹忓畾涔変腑鍙互鐢ㄧ渷鐣ュ彿錛堜笁涓偣錛夋潵浠ｈ〃澶氫釜鍙傛暟銆?/p>
鍦⊿cheme鐨勮鑼冨綋涓紝灝嗚〃杈懼紡鍒嗕負鍘熷琛ㄨ揪寮忓拰鏈夋簮琛ㄨ揪寮忥紝Scheme璇█鐨勬爣鍑嗗畾涔変腑鍙湁鍘熷鐨刬f鍒嗘敮緇撴瀯錛屽叾瀹冨潎涓烘湁婧愬瀷錛屽嵆鏄敤鍚庢潵鐨勫畯瀹氫箟鎴愮殑錛岀敱姝ゅ彲瑙佸畯瀹氫箟鐨勯噸瑕佹с傞檮涓婇潰鐨勫畾涔夊湪GUILE涓疄鐜扮殑 浠ｇ爜銆?/p>
鍗佷竴. 鍏跺畠鍔熻兘
1. 妯″潡鎵╁睍
鍦≧5RS 涓茍鏈濡備綍緙栧啓妯″潡榪涜璇存槑錛屽湪璇稿鐨凷cheme璇█鐨勫疄鐜板綋涓紝鍑犱箮鏃犱竴渚嬪鐨勫疄鐜頒簡妯″潡鐨勫姞杞藉姛鑳姐傛墍璋撴ā鍧楋紝瀹為檯灝辨槸涓浜涘彉閲忋佸畯瀹氫箟鍜屽凡鍛藉悕 鐨勮繃紼嬬殑闆嗗悎錛屽鏁版儏鍐典笅瀹冮兘緇戝畾鍦ㄤ竴涓猄cheme璇█鐨勭鍙蜂笅錛堜篃灝辨槸鍚嶇О錛夈傚湪Guile涓彁渚涗簡鍩虹鐨刬ce-9妯″潡錛屽叾涓寘鎷琍OSIX緋葷粺璋? 鐢ㄥ拰緗戠粶鎿嶄綔銆佹鍒欒〃杈懼紡銆佺嚎紼嬫敮鎸佺瓑絳変紬澶氬姛鑳斤紝姝ゅ榪樻湁钁楀悕鐨凷FRI妯″潡銆傚紩鐢ㄦā鍧楃敤use-modules榪囩▼錛屽畠鍚庨潰鐨勫弬鏁版寚瀹氫簡妯″潡鍚嶅拰鎴戜滑 瑕佽皟鐢ㄧ殑鍔熻兘鍚嶏紝濡傦細(use-modules (ice-9 popen))錛屽姝ゅ悗錛屽氨鍙互搴旂敤popen榪欎竴緋葷粺璋冪敤浜嗐傚鏋滀綘鎯寵瀹氫箟鑷繁鐨勬ā鍧楋紝鏈濂界湅鐪媔ce-9鐩綍涓殑閭ｄ簺tcm鏂囦歡錛屽畠浠槸鏈鍘熷鐨勫畾 涔夈?/p>
鍙﹀Guile鍦ㄩ潰鍚戝璞＄紪紼嬫柟闈紝寮鍙戜簡GOOPS錛圙uile Object-Oriented Programming System錛夛紝瀵逛簬鍠滄OO鏈嬪弸鍙互鐮旂┒涓涓嬪畠錛屼粠涓彲鑳戒細鏈夋柊鐨勫彂鐜般?/p>
2. 濡備綍杈撳嚭婕備寒鐨勪唬鐮?/h2>
濡備綍緙栧啓杈撳嚭婕備寒鐨凷cheme璇█浠ｇ爜搴旇鏄垵瀛﹁呯殑絎竴涓棶棰橈紝榪欏湪Guile涓彲浠ョ敤ice-9鎵╁睍鍖呬腑鎻愪緵鐨刾retty-print榪囩▼鏉ュ疄鐜幫紝鐪嬩笅闈㈢殑鎿嶄綔錛?/p>
guile> (use-modules (ice-9 pretty-print)) ; 寮曠敤婕備寒杈撳嚭妯″潡
guile> (pretty-print '(define fix (lambda (n)
(cond ((= n 0) 'iszero)
((< n 0) 'lower)
(else 'upper))))) ; 姝ゅ鏄垜浠緭鍏ョ殑涓嶈鍒欎唬鐮?br>(define fix
(lambda (n)
(cond ((= n 0) 'iszero)
((< n 0) 'lower)
(else 'upper)))) ; 杈撳嚭鐨勮鍒欎唬鐮?br>
3. 鍛戒護琛屽弬鏁扮殑瀹炵幇
鍦ㄦ妸Scheme鐢ㄥ仛shell璇█鏃訛紝緇忓父鐢ㄥ埌鍛戒護琛屽弬鏁扮殑澶勭悊錛屼笅闈㈡槸鍏充簬鍛戒護琛屽弬鏁扮殑涓縐嶅鐞嗘柟娉曪細
#! /usr/local/bin/guile -s
!#
(define cmm (command-line))
(display "搴旂敤紼嬪簭鍚嶇О錛?)
(display (car cmm))
(newline)
(define args (cdr cmm))
(define long (length args))
(define loop (lambda (count len obj)
(if (<= count len)
(begin
(display "鍙傛暟 ")
(display count)
(display " 鏄細")
(display (list-ref obj (- count 1)))
(newline)
(set! count (+ count 1))
(loop count len obj)))))
(loop 1 long args)
涓嬮潰鏄繍琛屽悗鐨勮緭鍑虹粨鏋滐細
[root@toymouse doc]# ./tz.scm abc 123 ghi
搴旂敤紼嬪簭鍚嶇О錛?/tz.scm
鍙傛暟 1 鏄細abc
鍙傛暟 2 鏄細123
鍙傛暟 3 鏄細ghi
鍏朵腑鏈涓昏鐨勬槸鐢ㄥ埌浜哻ommand-line榪囩▼錛屽畠鐨勮繑鍥炵粨鏋滄槸鍛戒護鍙傛暟鐨勫垪琛紝鍒楄〃鐨勭涓涓垚鍛樻槸紼嬪簭鍚嶇О錛屽叾鍚庝負鎴戜滑瑕佺殑鍙傛暟錛屽畾涔塴oop閫掑綊璋冪敤褰㈡垚璇誨弬鏁扮殑寰幆錛屾樉紺哄嚭鍙傛暟鍊鹼紝杈懼埌鎴戜滑瑕佺殑緇撴灉銆?/p>
4. 鐗規畩涔嬪
涓浜涚簿紜殑鑷繁璁＄畻鑷繁鐨勭鍙?/p>
鏁板瓧 Numbers 2 ==> 2
瀛楃涓? Strings "hello" ==> "hello"
瀛楃 Charactors #\\g ==> #\\g
杈戝? Booleans #t ==> #t
閲忚〃 Vectors #(a 2 5/2) ==> #(a 2 5/2)
閫氳繃鍙橀噺璁＄畻鏉ユ眰鍊肩殑絎﹀彿
濡傦細
x ==> 9
-list ==> ("tom" "bob" "jim")
factoral ==> #<procedure: factoral>
==> #<primitive: +>
define 鐗規畩鐨刦orm
(define x 9) 錛宒efine涓嶆槸涓涓繃紼嬶紝 瀹冩槸涓涓笉鐢ㄦ眰鎵鏈夊弬鏁板肩殑鐗規畩鐨刦orm錛屽畠鐨勬搷浣滄楠ゆ槸錛屽垵濮嬪寲絀洪棿錛岀粦瀹氱鍙穢鍒版絀洪棿錛岀劧鍚庡垵濮嬫鍙橀噺銆?/p>
蹇呴』璁頒綇鐨勪笢瑗?/h2>
涓嬮潰鐨勮繖浜涘畾涔夈佽繃紼嬪拰瀹忕瓑鏄繀欏昏浣忕殑錛?/p>
define錛宭ambda錛宭et錛宭ets錛宭etrec錛宷uote錛宻et!錛宨f錛宑ase錛宑ond錛宐egin錛宎nd錛宱r絳夌瓑錛屽綋鐒惰繕鏈夊叾瀹冨畯錛屽繀闇瀛︿範錛岃繕鏈変竴浜涙湭浠嬬粛錛屽彲鍙傝冩湁鍏寵祫鏂欍?/p>
璧拌繘Scheme璇█鐨勪笘鐣岋紝浣犲氨鍙戠幇綆楁硶鍜屾暟鎹粨鏋勭殑濡欑敤闅忓鍙錛屽彲浠ュ厖鍒嗙殑媯楠屼綘瀵圭畻娉曞拰鏁版嵁緇撴瀯鐨勭悊瑙ｃ係cheme璇█铏界劧鏄彜鑰佺殑鍑芥暟鍨嬭璦鐨勭戶緇紝浣嗘槸瀹冪殑閲岄潰鏈夊緢澶氭槸鍦ㄥ叾瀹冭璦涓涓嶅埌鐨勪笢瑗匡紝鎴戞兂榪欎篃鏄負浠涔堢敤瀹冧綔涓鴻綆楁満璇█鏁欏鐨勯閫夌殑鍘熷洜鍚с?/p>
鍙傝冭祫鏂?/h2>
- 鐜嬪灎鐨勪釜浜轟富欏?/a> 錛屾綃囨枃绔犵殑寰堝涓滆タ閮芥槸浠庝粬鍝噷鍙楀埌鍚彂鑰屽啓鍑烘潵鐨勩?/li>
- 鑷敱杞歡 鏉傚織緙栬緫媧嘲鍦ㄤ粬鐨勬枃绔犱腑鏈夊緢澶氬Scheme璇█鐨勮瘎浠鳳紝鍦ㄤ粬寮鍒涚殑宸ョ▼涓篃鏈夊緢澶氬簲鐢ㄣ?/li>
- 鍦ㄦ緗戠珯鐨凩inux涓撳尯涓紝璧佃敋瀵?Scheme鐨勪粙緇?<http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/linux/l-scheme/part2/index.html> 榪樻槸姣旇緝綺懼僵鐨勩?/li>
- R5RS錛孲cheme璇█鐨勬爣鍑嗗畾涔夛細 http://www.swiss.ai.mit.edu/~jaffer/r5rs_toc.html
- Guile錛孏NU鐨勬墿灞曡璦錛?http://www.gnu.org/software/guile/鍜?Guile Reference Manual
- Scheme璇█鍦∕IT鐨?.0001璇劇▼涓箍娉涘簲鐢紝鍗蟲湁鍚嶇殑 SICP 錛岃繖鏄鏍¤綆楁満縐戝涓撲笟鐨勫繀淇涔嬩竴銆?/li>
- Scheme璇█鍦ㄥ鏍′腑鐨勫簲鐢紝 http://www.schemers.com/schools.html 錛岃繖鏄竴涓笉瀹屽叏鍒楄〃錛屼粠榪欓噷鍙互鐪嬪嚭SCHEME璇█鍦ㄦ暀瀛︿腑鐨勯噸瑕佹с?/li>
- 鐜嬪灎鐨勪釜浜轟富欏?/a> 錛屾綃囨枃绔犵殑寰堝涓滆タ閮芥槸浠庝粬鍝噷鍙楀埌鍚彂鑰屽啓鍑烘潵鐨勩?/li>
- 鑷敱杞歡 鏉傚織緙栬緫媧嘲鍦ㄤ粬鐨勬枃绔犱腑鏈夊緢澶氬Scheme璇█鐨勮瘎浠鳳紝鍦ㄤ粬寮鍒涚殑宸ョ▼涓篃鏈夊緢澶氬簲鐢ㄣ?/li>
- 鍦ㄦ緗戠珯鐨凩inux涓撳尯涓紝璧佃敋瀵?Scheme鐨勪粙緇?<http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/linux/l-scheme/part2/index.html> 榪樻槸姣旇緝綺懼僵鐨勩?/li>
- R5RS錛孲cheme璇█鐨勬爣鍑嗗畾涔夛細 http://www.swiss.ai.mit.edu/~jaffer/r5rs_toc.html
- Guile錛孏NU鐨勬墿灞曡璦錛?http://www.gnu.org/software/guile/鍜?Guile Reference Manual
- Scheme璇█鍦∕IT鐨?.0001璇劇▼涓箍娉涘簲鐢紝鍗蟲湁鍚嶇殑 SICP 錛岃繖鏄鏍¤綆楁満縐戝涓撲笟鐨勫繀淇涔嬩竴銆?/li>
- Scheme璇█鍦ㄥ鏍′腑鐨勫簲鐢紝 http://www.schemers.com/schools.html 錛岃繖鏄竴涓笉瀹屽叏鍒楄〃錛屼粠榪欓噷鍙互鐪嬪嚭SCHEME璇█鍦ㄦ暀瀛︿腑鐨勯噸瑕佹с?/li>
鍏充簬浣滆?/h2>
瀹嬪浗浼燂紙 mailto:gwsong52@sohu.com 錛夛紝鐩墠鍦?鍚夋灄鐪佸痙鎯犲競淇℃伅涓績 浠庝簨緗戠粶緇存姢宸ヤ綔錛岃憲鏈?銆奊TK+2.0緙栫▼鑼冧緥銆?/a> 涓涔︼紝鐑》浜嶭inux緋葷粺涓婄殑緙栫▼鍙婄浉鍏崇殑鐮旂┒銆?/p>
]]>