1.1 Names
A name should be informative, concise, memorable, and pronounceable if possible.
* Use descriptive names for globals, short names for locals.
Global variables need names long enough and descriptive enough to remind the reader of their meaning.
It's also helpful to include a brief comment with the declaration of each global.
The longer the program, the more important is the choice of good, descriptive, systematic names.
* Be consistent.
Give related things related names that show their relationship and high-light their difference.
* Use active names for functions.
* Be accurate.
1.2 Expressions and Statements
* Indent to show structure.
A consistent indentation style is the lowest-energy way to make a program's structure self-evident.
* Use the natural form of expressions.
Write expressions as you might speak them aloud.
* Parenthesize to resolve ambiguity.
* Break up complex expressions.
* Be clear.
the goal is to write clear code, not clever code.
* Be careful with side effects.
1.3 Consistency and Idioms
* Use a consistent indentation and brace style.
* Use idioms for consistency.
A central part of learning any language is developing a familiarity with its idioms.
* Use else-ifs for multi-way decisions.
1.4 Function Macros
* Avoid function macros.
* Parenthesize the macro body and arguments.
In C++, inline functions avoid the syntactic trouble while offering whatever performance advantage macros might provide.
They are appropriate for short functions that set or retrieve a single value.
1.5 Magic Numbers
Magic numbers are the constants, array sizes, character positions, conversion factors, and other literal numric values that appear in programs.
* Given names to magic numbers.
* Define numbers as constants, not macros.
The C preprocessor is a powerful but blunt tool, however, and macros are a dangerous way to program because they change the lexical structure of the program underfoot. Let the language proper do the work.
* Use character constants, not integers.
* Use the language to calculate the size of an object.
1.6 Comments
* Don't belabor the obvious.
* Comment functions and global data.
* Don't comment bad code, rewrite it.
* Don't contradict the code.
* Clarify,don't confuse.
1.7 Why bother?
The main concerns of programming style: descriptive names, clearity in expressions, straightforward control flow, readability of code and comments, and the importance of consistence use of conventions and idioms in achieving all of these.
Well-written code is easier to read and to understand, almost surely has fewer errors, and is likely to be smaller than code that has been carelessly tossed together and never polished.
The key observation is that good style should be a matter of habit.
Once they become automatic, your subconscious will take care of many of the details for you, and even the code you produce under pressure will be better.
紼嬪簭璁捐瀹炶返 - 絎?绔?/span>
1. 椋庢牸
1.1 鍚嶅瓧
涓涓悕瀛楀簲璇ユ槸闈炲艦寮忕殑銆佺畝緇冪殑銆佸鏄撹蹇嗙殑錛屽鏋滃彲鑳界殑璇濓紝鏈濂芥槸鑳藉鎷艱鐨勩?/span>
* 鍏ㄥ眬鍙橀噺浣跨敤鍏鋒湁璇存槑鎬х殑鍚嶅瓧錛屽眬閮ㄥ彉閲忕敤鐭悕瀛椼?/span>
鍏ㄥ眬鍙橀噺鐨勫悕瀛楀簲璇ヨ凍澶熼暱錛屽叿鏈夎凍澶熺殑璇存槑鎬с傜粰姣忎釜鍏ㄥ眬鍙橀噺澹版槑闄勪竴涓畝鐭敞閲婁篃闈炲父鏈夊府鍔┿?/span>
瀵逛簬闀跨殑紼嬪簭錛岄夋嫨閭ｄ簺濂界殑銆佸叿鏈夎鏄庢х殑銆佺郴緇熷寲鐨勫悕瀛楀氨鏇村姞閲嶈銆?/span>
* 淇濇寔涓鑷存с?/span>
* 鍑芥暟閲囩敤鍔ㄤ綔鎬у悕瀛椼?/span>
* 瑕佸噯紜傚悕瀛椾笌鍏跺疄鐜頒繚鎸佸噯紜殑瀵瑰簲銆?/span>
1.2 琛ㄨ揪寮忓拰璇彞
* 鐢ㄧ緝琛屾樉紺虹▼搴忕殑緇撴瀯銆?/span>
閲囩敤涓縐嶄竴鑷寸殑緙╄椋庢牸錛屾槸浣跨▼搴忓憟鐜板嚭緇撴瀯娓呮櫚鐨勬渶鐪佸姏鐨勬柟娉曘?/span>
* 浣跨敤琛ㄨ揪寮忕殑鑷劧褰㈠紡銆?/span>
琛ㄨ揪寮忓簲璇ュ啓寰椾綘鑳藉ぇ澹板康鍑烘潵銆?/span>
* 鐢ㄥ姞鎷彿鐨勬柟寮忔帓闄や簩涔夋с?/span>
* 鍒嗚В澶嶆潅鐨勮〃杈懼紡銆?/span>
* 瑕佹竻鏅般?/span>
鐩爣搴旇鏄啓鍑烘渶娓呮櫚鐨勪唬鐮侊紝鑰屼笉鏄渶宸у鐨勪唬鐮併?/span>
* 灝忓績鍓綔鐢ㄣ?/span>
鍍?/span>++榪欎竴綾昏繍綆楃鍏鋒湁鍓綔鐢紝瀹冧滑闄や簡榪斿洖涓涓煎錛岃繕灝嗛殣鍚湴鏀瑰彉鍙橀噺鐨勫箋?/span>
1.3 涓鑷存у拰涔犳儻鐢ㄦ硶
* 浣跨敤涓鑷寸殑緙╂帓鍜屽姞鎷彿椋庢牸銆?/span>
濡傛灉浣犲伐浣滃湪涓涓笉鏄嚜宸卞啓鐨勭▼搴忎笂錛岃娉ㄦ剰淇濈暀紼嬪簭鍘熸湁鐨勯鏍箋?/span>
* 涓轟簡涓鑷存э紝浣跨敤涔犳儻鐢ㄦ硶銆?/span>
鍦ㄥ涔犱竴涓璦鐨勮繃紼嬩腑錛屼竴涓腑蹇冮棶棰樺氨鏄愭笎鐔熸倝瀹冪殑涔犳儻鐢ㄦ硶銆?/span>
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甯歌涔犳儻鐢ㄦ硶涔嬩竴鏄驚鐜殑褰㈠紡銆?/span>
渚嬪錛?/span>
for(i = 0; i < n; i++)
array[i] = 1.0;
C++鎴?/span>Java閲屽父瑙佺殑鍙︿竴縐嶅艦寮忔槸鎶婂驚鐜彉閲忕殑澹版槑涔熷寘鎷湪鍐咃細
for(int i = 0; i < n; i++)
array[i] = 1.0;
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涓嬮潰鏄?/span>C璇█鎵弿涓涓摼琛ㄧ殑鏍囧噯寰幆錛?/span>
for(p = list; p != NULL; p = p->next)
...
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鏃犵┓寰幆錛?/span>
for( ;; )
...
鎴?/span>
while(1)
...
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甯歌鐨勫彟涓涓儻鐢ㄦ硶鏄妸涓涓祴鍊兼斁榪涘驚鐜潯浠墮噷錛?/span>
while( (c = getchar()) != EOF)
putchar(c);
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涓涓笉濂界殑渚嬪瓙錛?/span>
char *p, buf[256];
gets(buf);
p = malloc(strlen(buf));
strcpy(p, buf);
闂1.
緇濅笉瑕佷嬌鐢ㄥ嚱鏁?/span>gets錛屽洜涓轟綘娌″姙娉曢檺鍒跺畠鐢辮緭鍏ラ偅鍎胯鍏ュ唴瀹圭殑鏁伴噺銆傝繖甯稿父浼氬鑷翠竴涓畨鍏ㄦч棶棰樸?/span>
闂2.
榪樻湁鍙︿竴涓棶棰橈細strlen姹傚嚭鐨勫兼病鏈夎鍏ヤ覆緇撳熬鐨?/span>'\0'瀛楃錛岃?/span>strcpy鍗村皢澶嶅埗瀹冦?/span>
涔犳儻鍐欐硶鏄細
p = malloc(strlen(buf)+1);
strcpy(p, buf);
鎴栧湪C++閲岋細
p = new char[strlen(buf)+1];
strcpy(p , buf);
濡傛灉榪欓噷娌℃湁+1錛屽氨瑕佸綋蹇冦?/span>
strdup鍙互浣塊伩鍏嶄笂榪伴敊璇彉寰楁洿綆鍗曘傚彲鎯?/span>strdup涓嶆槸ANSI C鏍囧噯涓殑鍐呭銆?/span>
闂3.
涓婇潰涓や釜鐗堟湰閮芥病鏈夋鏌?/span>malloc鐨勮繑鍥炲箋?/span>
鍦ㄥ疄闄呯▼搴忎腑錛屽浜?/span>malloc銆?/span>realloc銆?/span>strdup鍙婁換浣曠壍娑夊埌瀛樺偍鍒嗛厤鐨勫嚱鏁幫紝瀹冧滑鐨勮繑鍥炲奸兘蹇呴』鍋氭鏌ャ?/span>
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* 鐢?/span>else-if琛ㄨ揪澶氳礬閫夋嫨銆?/span>
澶氳礬閫夋嫨鐨勪範鎯〃紺烘硶褰㈠紡濡備笅錛?/span>
if (condition1)
statement1
else if (condition2)
statement2
...
else if (conditionn)
statementn
else
default-statement
1.4 鍑芥暟瀹?/span>
* 閬垮厤浣跨敤鍑芥暟瀹忋?/span>
鍑芥暟瀹忔渶甯歌鐨勪竴涓弗閲嶉棶棰樻槸錛氬鏋滀竴涓弬鏁板湪瀹氫箟涓嚭鐜板嬈★紝瀹冨氨鍙兘琚嬈℃眰鍊箋?/span>
濡傛灉璋冪敤鏃剁殑瀹為檯鍙傛暟甯︽湁鍓綔鐢紝緇撴灉灝卞彲鑳戒駭鐢熶竴涓毦浠ユ崏鎽哥殑閿欒銆?/span>
渚嬪瓙錛?/span>
鏌?/span><ctype.h>涓細
#define isupper(c) ((c) >= 'A' && (c) <= 'Z')
濡傛灉榪欐牱璋冪敤
while (isupper(c = getchar())),
涓ゆ杈撳叆鐨勫瓧絎?/span>c琚垎鍒笌'A'鍜?/span>'Z'姣旇緝浜嗐?/span>
C璇█鏍囧噯鍏佽灝?/span>isupper鍙婄被浼煎嚱鏁板畾涔変負瀹忥紝浣嗚姹備繚璇佸畠浠殑鍙傛暟鍙眰鍊間竴嬈°?/span>
濡傛灉甯屾湜鏇村畨鍏ㄤ簺錛岄偅涔堝氨涓瀹氫笉瑕佸祵濂楀湴浣跨敤鍍?/span>getchar榪欑甯︽湁鍓綔鐢ㄧ殑鍑芥暟銆?/span>
鏀瑰啓濡備笅錛?/span>
while ((c = getchar()) != EOF && isupper(c))
鏈夋椂澶氭姹傚煎甫鏉ョ殑鏄墽琛屾晥鐜囬棶棰橈紝鑰屼笉鏄湡姝ｇ殑閿欒銆?/span>
* 緇欏畯鐨勪綋鍜屽弬鏁伴兘鍔犱笂鎷彿銆?/span>
濡傛灉涓涓搷浣滄瘮杈冨鏉傦紝鎴栬呭畠寰堝叿涓鑸э紝鍊煎緱鍖呰璧鋒潵錛岄偅涔堣繕鏄簲璇ヤ嬌鐢ㄥ嚱鏁般?/span>
C++鎻愪緵鐨?/span>inline鍑芥暟鏃㈤伩鍏嶄簡璇硶鏂歸潰鐨勯夯鐑︼紝鑰屼笖鍙堝彲寰楀埌瀹忚兘澶熸彁渚涚殑鎵ц鏁堢巼錛屽緢閫傚悎鏉ュ畾涔夐偅浜涜緗垨鑰呮彁鍙栦竴涓肩殑鐭俊鍑芥暟銆?/span>
1.5 紲炵鐨勬暟 錛堢炕璇戠殑鏈夌偣...錛?/span>
紲炵鐨勬暟鍖呮嫭鍚勭甯告暟銆佹暟緇勭殑澶у皬銆佸瓧絎︿綅緗佸彉鎹㈠洜瀛愪互鍙婄▼搴忎腑鍑虹幇鐨勫叾浠栦互鏂囧瓧褰㈠紡鍐欏嚭鐨勬暟鍊箋?/span>
* 緇欑縐樼殑鏁拌搗涓悕瀛椼?/span>
* 鎶婃暟瀹氫箟涓哄父鏁幫紝涓嶈瀹氫箟涓哄畯銆?/span>
C璇█棰勫鐞嗙▼搴忔槸涓涓己鏈夊姏鐨勫伐鍏鳳紝浣嗘槸瀹冨張鏈変簺椴佽幗銆?/span>
浣跨敤瀹忚繘琛岀紪紼嬫槸涓縐嶅緢鍗遍櫓鐨勬柟寮忥紝鍥犱負瀹忎細鍦ㄨ儗鍦伴噷鏀瑰彉紼嬪簭鐨勮瘝娉曠粨鏋勩傛垜浠簲璇ヨ璇硶鍘誨仛姝ｇ‘鐨勫伐浣溿?/span>
錛堣瘧鑰呮敞錛氶澶勭悊鍛戒護涓嶆槸C璇█鏈韓鐨勭粍鎴愰儴鍒嗭紝鑰屾槸涓緇勮緟鍔╂垚鍒嗐傝繖閲岃"璁╄璦..."錛屼篃灝辨槸璇翠笉瑕佺敤棰勫鐞嗗懡浠ゅ仛銆傦級
* 浣跨敤瀛楃褰㈠紡鐨勫父閲忥紝涓嶈鐢ㄦ暣鏁般?/span>
渚嬪瓙錛?/span>
if (c >= 65 && c <= 90)
...
榪欑鍐欐硶瀹屽叏渚濊禆浜庣壒孌婄殑瀛楃琛ㄧず鏂瑰紡銆?/span>
榪欐牱鍐欐洿濂戒簺錛?/span>
if (c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z')
...
浣嗘槸錛屽鏋滃湪鏌愪釜緙栫爜瀛楃闆嗛噷鐨勫瓧姣嶇紪鐮佷笉鏄繛緇殑錛屾垨澶規湁鍏朵粬瀛楁瘝錛岄偅涔堣繖縐嶆弿榪板氨鏄敊鐨勩?/span>
鏈濂芥槸鐩存帴浣跨敤搴撳嚱鏁般?/span>
if(isupper(c))
...
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紼嬪簭閲岃澶氫笂涓嬫枃涓粡甯稿嚭鐜扮殑0銆傚鏋滄垜浠妸姣忎釜0鐨勭被鍨嬪啓寰楁洿鏄庣‘鏇存竻妤氾紝瀵硅紼嬪簭鐨勪漢鐞嗚В鍏朵綔鐢ㄦ槸寰堟湁甯姪鐨勩?/span>
渚嬪錛岀敤 (void*)0 鎴?/span> NULL 琛ㄧずC閲岀殑絀烘寚閽堝鹼紝鐢?/span>'\0'鑰屼笉鏄?/span>0琛ㄧず瀛楃涓茬粨灝劇殑絀哄瓧鑺傘?/span>
鐒惰屽湪C++閲屼漢浠兘宸茬粡鎺ュ彈浜嗙敤0錛堣屼笉鏄?/span>NULL錛夎〃紺虹┖鎸囬拡銆?/span>Java閲屽垯瀹氫箟浜嗗叧閿瓧null銆?/span>
* 鍒╃敤璇█鍘昏綆楀璞＄殑澶у皬銆?/span>
涓嶈瀵逛換浣曟暟鎹被鍨嬩嬌鐢ㄦ樉寮忓啓鍑烘潵鐨勫ぇ灝忋?/span>
渚嬶細
char buf[1024];
fgets(buf, sizeof(buf), stdin);
瀵逛簬閭ｄ簺鍙互鐪嬫竻妤氱殑鏁扮粍錛堜笉鏄寚閽堬級錛屼笅闈㈢殑瀹忓畾涔夎兘璁＄畻鍑烘暟緇勭殑鍏冪礌涓暟錛?/span>
#define NELEMS(array) (sizeof(array) / sizeof(array[0]))
1.6 娉ㄩ噴
* 涓嶈澶ц皥鏄庢樉鐨勪笢瑗褲?/span>
娉ㄩ噴搴旇鎻愪緵閭ｄ簺涓嶈兘涓涓嬪瓙浠庝唬鐮佷腑鐪嬪埌鐨勪笢瑗匡紝鎴栬呮妸閭ｄ簺鏁ｅ竷鍦ㄨ澶氫唬鐮侀噷鐨勪俊鎭敹闆嗗埌涓璧楓?/span>
* 緇欏嚱鏁板拰鍏ㄥ眬鏁版嵁鍔犳敞閲娿?/span>
* 涓嶈娉ㄩ噴宸殑浠ｇ爜錛岄噸鍐欏畠銆?/span>
* 涓嶈涓庝唬鐮佺煕鐩俱?/span>
褰撲綘鏀瑰彉浠ｇ爜鏃訛紝涓瀹氳娉ㄦ剰淇濊瘉鍏朵腑鐨勬敞閲婃槸鍑嗙‘鐨勩?/span>
* 婢勬竻鎯呭喌錛屼笉瑕佹坊涔便?/span>
娉ㄩ噴搴旇鍦ㄥ洶闅劇殑鍦版柟灝介噺甯姪璇昏咃紝鑰屼笉鏄粰浠栦滑璁劇疆闅滅銆?/span>
娉ㄩ噴寰堥噸瑕侊紝浣嗘槸涔熶笉蹇呯洸鐩敞閲娿?/span>
娉ㄩ噴鏄竴縐嶅伐鍏鳳紝瀹冪殑浣滅敤灝辨槸甯姪璇昏呯悊瑙ｇ▼搴忎腑鐨勬煇浜涢儴鍒嗭紝鑰岃繖浜涢儴鍒嗙殑鎰忎箟涓嶅鏄撻氳繃浠ｇ爜鏈韓鐩存帴鐪嬪埌銆?/span>
1.7 涓轟綍瀵規璐瑰績
娉ㄩ噸紼嬪簭璁捐鐨勯鏍鹼細鍏鋒湁璇存槑鎬х殑鍚嶅瓧銆佹竻鏅扮殑琛ㄨ揪寮忋佺洿鎴簡褰撶殑鎺у埗嫻併佸彲璇葷殑浠ｇ爜鍜屾敞閲婏紝浠ュ強鍦ㄨ拷姹傝繖浜涘唴瀹規椂涓鑷村湴浣跨敤鏌愪簺瑙勫垯鍜屾儻鐢ㄦ硶鐨勯噸瑕佹с?/span>
涔﹀啓鑹ソ鐨勪唬鐮佹洿瀹規槗闃呰鍜岀悊瑙ｏ紝鍑犱箮鍙互淇濊瘉鍏朵腑鐨勯敊璇洿灝戙?/span>
濂介鏍煎簲璇ユ垚涓轟竴縐嶄範鎯?/span>
涓鏃﹁繖縐嶄範鎯彉鎴愯嚜鍔ㄧ殑涓滆タ錛屼綘鐨勬綔鎰忚瘑灝變細甯姪浣犵収鏂欒澶氱粏鑺傞棶棰橈紝鐢氳嚦浣犲湪宸ヤ綔鍘嬪姏涓嬪啓鍑虹殑浠ｇ爜涔熶細鏇村ソ銆?/span>