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��译-C++最��单的windows�E�序 The Simplest Windows Program

Tue, 23 Sep 2008 03:01:00 GMT

来自�Q�http://www.relisoft.com/win32/winnie.html
译：聂元�?
1. The Simplest Windows Program
1.最��单的Windows�E�序

Before you can even begin thinking about programming in Windows, you have to be able to understand how this simple program works.

在你开始想如何在windows下编�E�之前，你必��要弄清楚下面这个简单windows�E�序的工作原理�?

Windows API calls are highlighted in blue and Windows specific data types are shown in green. I will also usually put a double colon in front of API calls. In C++, that simply means that I'm calling a global function, in case there is some ambiguity.

我用蓝色来标识Windows的API调用�Q�用�l�色来标识Windows中的�Ҏ��的数据类型。同时我在API函数的前面放�|�了一对冒�?:。在C++中，�q�对冒号��是告诉�~�译器我在调用一个全局函数。由于有时候有同名的函敎ͼ��Z��不引��h؜淆，在前面放�|�冒��h��一�U�很好的做法

Sources (zipped file 4k) are right here. Remember to compile them as a Windows application. For instance, in Visual C++ select File.New.Projects.Win32 Application. Otherwise you'll get the error: unresolved external _main. (I provided project file Winnie.dsp for those of you who use MS VC++ 6.0 and Winnie.sln for the users of VC++ 7.0)

我提供了源代�?一�?k大小的压�~�文�?。请��C��要把它们�~�译成一个windows应用�E�序而不是windows控制台程序。否则，你就会得到找不到main函数的错误。在VC++6.0中，我们可以通过选择File——New Projects——Win32 Application来创��Z��个windows应用�E�序的工�E�。当�Ӟ��你用不着�q�么担心�Q�我已经提供了两个做好的工程文�g�l�你。一个是winnie.dsp�Q�你可以在VC++6.0下��用。一个是Winnie.sln�Q�你可以在VC++7.0下��用�?

First, in a Windows program, you have to define a Window Class, the "class" of window(s) that will be displayed by your application (not a C++ class). In our case we will display only one window, but still, we need to give Windows some minimal information about its Class. The most important part of the WinClass (now, that's a C++ class that describes the Window Class) is the address of the callback procedure, or the Window Procedure. Windows is supposed to call us--Windows sends messages to our program by calling this procedure.

好了�Q�让我们来看看如何写�q�个最��单的�E�序吧。首先，在一个windows�E�序里面�Q�你需要定义一个窗口类�Q�注意这个类的概念不同于C++中的�c�，�q�个�H�口�cȝ��当于C语言中的�l�构体，你把�q�个�l�构体填好了�Q�然后你的应用程序就会根据你填的�q�些信息来显�C�窗口。在我们的例子里面，我们仅仅昄��一个窗口。但是就��是�q�样�Q�我们也必须要给我们的窗口最��的�H�口�c�M��息。而其中最重要的部分就是回调函��C��Q�有时候我们也�U�它为窗口过�E�。其实这是一个函数指针，每次�E�序需要处理消息的时候，windows��通过�q�个函数指针来调用我们写好的回调函数。是的，你看刎ͼ�是windows调用我们�~�写的函数。你�q�记得函数指针吗�Q�如果不是很清楚�Q�可以google一下，o(∩_∩)o…

Notice the declaration of WindowProcedure. Windows calls it with a handle to the window in question, the message, and two data items associated with the message, the paramters, WPARAM and LPARAM.

让我们看看WindowProcedure(�H�口�q�程、回调函�?的定义。仔�l�看一下，�W�一个函数是一个句柄，也就是个整数。Windows用它来区别是哪个�H�口。然后是消息�Q�然后是与消息关�p�d��切的两个参数WPARAM和LPARAM。这个我本来惌��一下，留到以后吧，毕竟原文中在�q�里没有讌Ӏ?

In WinClass we also have to specify things like the program instance handle HINSTANCE, the mouse cursor (we just load the standard arrow cursor), the brush to paint the window's background (we chose the default window color brush), and the symbolic name of our class (you don't have to understand the meaning of all those yet).

在下面的WinClass�c�M��我们必须�l�一些窗口类的字�D�赋��|��如窗口的实例句柄HINSTACE,鼠标光标(我们仅仅加蝲了标准的��头鼠标)�Q�画�H�口背景的画�?我们用的是窗口缺省的背景颜色��d��)�Q�最后还有窗口类的名�?�H�口�cȝ��名字最好和别�h的不�?.(当然�Q�现在你不需要弄明白�q�些参数的意�?

Once all the fields of WNDCLASS are filled, we register the class with the Windows system.

一旦我们把WNDCLASS�l�构体填完了�Q�我们就通过调用RegisterClass函数在windows�pȝ��中注册我们的�H�口�c�R��好了，先看看我是怎样��装WNDCLASS��C��个WinClass�c�M��ȝ��?

#include 
LRESULT CALLBACK WindowProcedure
    (HWND hwnd, unsigned int message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam);
class WinClass
{
public:
    WinClass (WNDPROC winProc, char const * className, HINSTANCE hInst);
    void Register ()
    {
        ::RegisterClass (&_class);//now we don’t deal with the error
    }//we will process the error in the next version
private:
    WNDCLASS _class;//define a private WNDCLASS object member
};

WinClass::WinClass
    (WNDPROC winProc, char const * className, HINSTANCE hInst)
{
    _class.style = 0;
    _class.lpfnWndProc = winProc; // window procedure: mandatory
    _class.cbClsExtra = 0;
    _class.cbWndExtra = 0;
    _class.hInstance = hInst;         // owner of the class: mandatory
    _class.hIcon = 0;
    _class.hCursor = ::LoadCursor (0, IDC_ARROW); // optional
    _class.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH) (COLOR_WINDOW + 1); // optional
    _class.lpszMenuName = 0;
    _class.lpszClassName = className; // mandatory
}

Once the Window Class is registered, we can proceed with the creation of a window. This is done by calling the CreateWindow API. It takes a lot of arguments: the name of the window class that we have just registered, the caption that will appear in the title bar, window style, position, size, and the application instance. The rest of the arguments, for the time being, will be left equal to zero.

一旦窗口类注册成功�Q�我们就可以用它来创��Z��个窗口。我们通过调用CreateWindow�q�个API函数来完成它。它有很多参敎ͼ��q�可能让你有点烦�Q�不�q�不要进�Q�你只要写一�ơ就好了。这些参数包括：我们刚刚注册好的�H�口�cȝ��名字(�q�个要是搞错了，你的�H�口可能��出不来�?,我们�H�口的标题栏上的标题�Q�窗口的样式�Q�位�|�，大小�q�有应用�E�序的实例句柄。剩下的参数暂时我们�q�不需要用刎ͼ�我们把它们初始化�?�?

This part of the program can also be encapsulated into a C++ class, WinMaker.

�E�序的这部分也被我封装到了一个C++的类WinMaker当中�?

The window will not appear on the screen until you tell Windows to show it.

��q��你创建好了窗口，但你�q�是看不刎ͼ�你必��调用ShowWindow函数让它昄��?

class WinMaker
{
public:
    WinMaker (): _hwnd (0) {}
    WinMaker (char const * caption, 
              char const * className,
              HINSTANCE hInstance);
    void Show (int cmdShow)
    {
        ::ShowWindow (_hwnd, cmdShow);
        ::UpdateWindow (_hwnd);
    }
protected:
    HWND _hwnd;
};
WinMaker::WinMaker (char const * caption, 
                    char const * className,
                    HINSTANCE hInstance)
{
    _hwnd = ::CreateWindow (
        className,            // name of a registered window class
        caption,              // window caption
        WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,  // window style
        CW_USEDEFAULT,        // x position
        CW_USEDEFAULT,        // y position
        CW_USEDEFAULT,        // witdh
        CW_USEDEFAULT,        // height
        0,                    // handle to parent window
        0,                    // handle to menu
        hInstance,            // application instance
        0);                   // window creation data
}

A Windows program is event-driven. It means that you, as a programmer, are supposed to be on the defensive. The user will bombard Windows with various input actions, and Windows will bombard your program with messages corresponding to these actions. All you have to do is to respond to these messages. The picture below shows schematically how it works.

Windows�E�序是事仉��动的。这��是说你作�ؓ一个windows�E�序员，所做的应该是防御式�~�程。其实也没有�q�么严重。具体来说就是，用户会发�l�windows多种输入行�ؓ�Q�而windows把这些输入用消息的方式发�l�你的程序。而你�Q�所做的��是针对每一个消息在回调函数中做出处理。下面的�q�张囄��意性的说明了这个过�E�。图在下一��늚�下一��，o(∩_∩)o…

Windows gets various events from the keyboard, the mouse, the ports, etc. Each event is quickly converted into a message. Windows (the operating system) dispatches messages to appropriate windows. For instance, all keyboard messages go to the window that currently has the input focus (the active window). Mouse messages are dispatched according to the position of the mouse cursor. They usually go to the window that is directly under the cursor (unless some program captured the mouse).

首先,windows�pȝ��从键盘、鼠标、端口等�{�各�U�设备中获得各种事�g。每个事件被快速的转换为消息。Windows分派�q�些消息�l�合适的�H�口。�D个例子，所有的键盘消息都会传给当前��h��输入焦点的窗�?也就是所谓的�z�d��H�口)。鼠标消息则会根据鼠标光标所在的位置分派�l�相应的�H�口。这些窗口通常是直接位于光标下的第一个窗�?除非有某些程序捕获鼠标消�?�?

All these messages end up in message queues. Windows keeps a message queue for every running application (actually, for every thread). It is your duty to retrieve these messages one-by-one in what is called a message loop. Your program has to call GetMessage to retrieve a message. Then you call DispatchMessage to give it back to Windows. Couldn't Windows just go ahead and dispatch all these messages itself? In principle it could, but a message loop gives your program a chance to have a peek at them and maybe perform some additional actions before dispatching them. Or not...

所有的消息都放在消息队列里面。Windows为每一个运行的应用�E�序�l�护一个消息队�?实际上，是�ؓ每一个线�E?。把�q�些消息一个个的取出来�Q�这是你的责仅R��通常我们把这�D�代码叫做消息��@环。在你的�E�序里，首先调用GetMessage函数取出一条消息，然后调用DispatchMessage把它�q�回�l�Windows。Windows�q�会重新分派�q�些消息�?原则上不会，但是你可以在消息循环中��用PeekMessage函数来查看消息而不分派它，因�ؓ某些情况下，你需要在分派�q�些消息之前做一些额外的工作�?

Each message is addressed to a particular window. When you tell Windows to dispatch such a message, it will figure out the class of this window, find the associated Window Procedure, and call it. Every single message sent to our window will end up in our window procedure. It is now up to us to respond to it. So, do we have to respond appropriately to every possible type of Windows message? There a hundreds of them! Fortunately, no! We only need to intercept those messages that we are interested in. Everything else we pass back to Windows for default processing using DefWindowProc.

每个消息被传递到一个特�D�的�H�口。当你告诉windows分派一条信息的时候，windows会先扑և��q�个�H�口的类�Q�然后找��C��之关联的�H�口�q�程�Q�最后调用这个窗口过�E�。每个发送到我们�H�口的消息都会在我们的窗口过�E�中�l�止。现在轮到我们来处理�q�些消息了。因此，我们必须要处理所有的消息�c�d��Q�不�Q�这里有几百�U�消息，我们只需要处理对我们有用的消息就可以了。但其它消息怎么办呢�Q�不用担心，其它消息我们通过调用DefWindowProc�q�个函数来自动处理�?

Let's have a look at WinMain. The execution of a Windows program doesn't start in main--it starts in WinMain. In our WinMain, we create a WinClass and register it. Then we create an actual window (of the class we've just registered) and show it. Actually, WinMain is called with the appropriate show directive--the user might want to start the application minimized or maximized. So we just follow this directive. Next, we enter the message loop and keep retrieving and dispatching messages until GetMessage returns 0. At that point the message's wParam will contain the return code of the whole program.

让我们看看WinMain�q�个函数。一个windows函数的开始不是main函数�Q�而是WinMain。在我们的winMain函数里，我们创徏了一个WinClass的对象winClass�Q�然后我们在windows中注册了它。接下来我们创徏了一个窗�?我们刚刚注册的窗口类所对应的窗�?�q�且昄��它。实际上�Q�WinMain�׃��个参数是用来指明�H�口昄��效果�?�q�样�Q�用户可以指定窗口显�C�的方式)——用户可能希望打开�q�个�E�序用最��化或者最大化的方式打开�Q�因此，我们在这里只需要直接��用这个参数就可以了。然后我们进入消息��@环�ƈ不断取出消息和进行分�z�，直到GetMessage函数�q�回0。这个时候消息的wParam参数��会包含整个�E�序的返回倹{�?

int WINAPI WinMain (HINSTANCE hInst, HINSTANCE hPrevInst,
                    char * cmdParam, int cmdShow)
{
    char className [] = "Winnie";
    WinClass winClass (WindowProcedure, className, hInst);
    winClass.Register ();
    WinMaker win ("Hello Windows!", className, hInst);
    win.Show (cmdShow);
    
    MSG  msg;
    int status;
    while ((status = ::GetMessage (& msg, 0, 0, 0)) != 0)
    {
        if (status == -1)
            return -1;
        ::DispatchMessage (& msg);
    }
    
    return msg.wParam;
}

The GetMessage API is an interesting example of the bizarre Microsoft Troolean (as opposed to traditional, Boolean) logic. GetMessage is defined to return a BOOL, but the documentation specifies three types of returns, non-zero, zero and -1. I am not making it up! Here's an excerpt from the help file:

GetMessage函数是一个很好笑的微软的三值布��类型的例子。GetMessage函数定义的返回值是BOOL�c�d��Q�但是文档却明确指出它含有三�U�返回��|��?�?�?1。我不想在这里多费口舌。下面是从MSDN中的摘录�?

· If the function retrieves a message other than WM_QUIT, the return value is nonzero.
· If the function retrieves the WM_QUIT message, the return value is zero.
· If there is an error, the return value is -1.

The other important part of every Windows program is the Windows Procedure. Remember, Windows will call it with all kinds of messages. All these messages can be ignored by sending them to DefWindowProc. There is only one message that we must intercept. That's the WM_DESTROY message that is sent by Windows when the user decides to close the window (by pressing the close button in the title bar). The standard response to WM_DESTROY is to post the quit message and return zero. That's all there is to it.

让我们看看所有windows�E�序都很重要的回调函数吧。你需要注意的是，windows��ؓ所有的消息调用�q�个函数。所以剩余的消息一定要送给DefWindowProc��d��理。在�q�里我们只处理了一个消息。那��是WM_DESTROY。当用户要关闭一个窗口的时候，windows会发送这个消息。标准的处理WM_DESTROY消息是发送一条退出消息，�q�返�?。好了，�q�就是我们要讲的全部了�?_*

// Window Procedure called by Windows
LRESULT CALLBACK WindowProcedure
    (HWND hwnd, unsigned int message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{
    switch (message)
    {
        case WM_DESTROY:
            ::PostQuitMessage (0);
            return 0;
    }
    return ::DefWindowProc (hwnd, message, wParam, lParam );
}

聂元�?/a> 2008-09-23 11:01 发表评论

Thu, 22 May 2008 08:27:00 GMT

http://www.winprog.org/tutorial/
个�h最喜欢的SDK入门教程使用C

http://www.relisoft.com/win32/index.htm
较喜�Ƣ的�Q��用C++

http://adrianxw.dk/
一些关于windows下的console斚w��的SDK函数调用

http://www.functionx.com/win32/
This site's goal is to provide a few lessons on Win32 programming. Keep in mind that everything you can do with Win32 using a C++ compiler

http://www.mdstud.chalmers.se/~md7amag/code/wintut/
�q�个不是太好�Q�不�q�看看也不错

http://www.vckbase.com
很多源代码和文本资料�Q�文档，

http://www.csdn.net
�q�个不用说了�Q�问问题的好地方

http://ntt.cc/2008/05/12/over-480-free-and-fresh-icon-sets-help-you-to-create-your-beautiful-skins-and-themes-in-flex.html
各种图表资源索引,��Z��q��接从攑ֈ��q�里了，免得�q�要点击链接�Q?br>

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聂元�?/a> 2008-05-22 16:27 发表评论

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���译-C++最���单的windows�E�序 The Simplest Windows Program

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��译-C++最��单的windows�E�序 The Simplest Windows Program